Skin Cancer Essays (1144 words) - RTT, Dermatologic Surgery

Skin Cancer Consistently one American is killed by skin malignant growth and like clockwork one American gets skin malignant growth. Malignant growth is a destructive infection that changes the DNA of a skin cell and makes it repeat at a quick pace. This overproduction of cells can be destructive and by and large savage. Out of these diseases the most regular is Basal cell carcinoma. Numerous means have been made in the treatment of Basal Cell Carcinoma, some have been extremely effective and some not. The cells that have the adjusted DNA are called threatening or destructive cells. These cells are found in the external layers of the skin. The skin's fundamental employment is to secure the body from diseases and to protect the body to keep it at the correct temperature. The principal layer of skin is known as the epidermis. This is the layer that is nearest to the outside of the skin. There are three sorts of cells in this layer. The first is the squamace. The squamace cells are level and flaky and are found nearest to the outside of the skin. Second are the basal cells and at long last are the melanocytes, which give the skin its shading. The second layer of skin is the dermis, which is a lot thicker than the epidermis. This layer contains sweat organs, nerves and veins. The dermis additionally contains follicles, which are little pockets from which the hair develops. The most well-known threatening cells are the basal cells. Disease in the basal cell is called nonmelanoma malignant growth. This implies the malignant growth didn't begin in the melanocytes situated in the epidermis. Basal Cell Carcinoma is brought about by overexposure to the sun. The sun emits bright beams, which are hurtful to the human body. Basal cell carcinoma will influence body parts, for example, the eyes, ears and nose. In the event that it is recognized before it gets profound into the skin there will probably be no issue rewarding the malignancy. A difficult will happen in the event that it isn't recognized rapidly enough and it has advanced into the profound parts of the tissue. In the event that Basal cell carcinoma is left untreated it tends to be exceptionally difficult to treat and may even reason passing. The basic techniques for treatment include the utilization of Mohs micrographic medical procedure, radiation treatment, electrodesiccation and curettage, and basic extraction. Every one of these techniques is valuable in explicit clinical circumstances. Contingent upon the case, these strategies have fix rates running from 85% to 95%. Mohs micrographic medical procedure, a more current careful strategy, has the most noteworthy fix rate for careful treatment of both essential and repetitive tumors. This technique employments minuscule control to decide the degree of tumor intrusion. Despite the fact that Mohs micrographic medical procedure strategy is convoluted and requires uncommon preparing, it has the most noteworthy fix pace of every single careful treatment in light of the fact that the tumor is minutely sketched out until it is totally expelled. While other treatment techniques for repetitive basal cell carcinoma have disappointment paces of about half, fix rates have been accounted for at 96% when rewarded by Mohs micrographic medical procedure. Mohs micrographic medical procedure is likewise demonstrated for tumors with inadequately characterized clinical fringes, tumors with measurements bigger than two cm, tumors with histopathologic highlights indicating morpheaform or sclerotic examples, and tumors emerging in areas where most extreme protection of uninvolved tissue is alluring, for example, eyelid, nose and finger. Next there is a treatment including straightforward extraction with solidified or perpetual separating for edge assessment. This conventional careful treatment as a rule depends on careful edges running from three to ten millimeters, contingent upon the width of the tumor. Tumor repeat isn't remarkable on the grounds that lone a little portion of the absolute tumor edge is inspected pathologically. Repeat rate for essential tumors more noteworthy than 1.5 cm in distance across is at any rate twelve percent inside five years. In the event that the essential tumor estimates bigger than three cm, the multi year repeat rate is 23.1%. Essential tumors of the ears, eyes, scalp, and nose have repeat rates running from 12.9% to 25%. Third there is electrodesiccation and curettage. This technique is the most generally utilized strategy for expelling essential basal cell carcinomas. In spite of the fact that it is a snappy technique for obliterating tumor, sufficiency of treatment can't be surveyed promptly since the specialist can't outwardly recognize the profundity of infinitesimal tumor attack. Tumors with widths going from two to five mm have a fifteen percent repeat rate after treatment with electrodesiccation and curettage. At the point when tumors bigger than three cm is dealt with with electrodesiccation and curettage, a half repeat rate ought not out of the ordinary inside five years. The fourth sort is radiation treatment. Radiation

Report of food industry in India Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Report of food industry in India - Essay Example its of food, improvement of the HR, supporting the innovative work and the formation of the advancement of framework and furthermore the limited time measure that is received for empowering the development, improvement and preparing of the food part. The food handling has been considered as the enormous and the significant part for covering different exercises which incorporates the cultivation, creature farming, horticulture, estate and the fisheries. The legislature of India and the service of food preparing has incorporated the accompanying things or the sections that is remembered for the food handling industry are handling of grain, fisheries, dairy , vegetables and food preparing, the purchaser nourishments which for the most part includes the refreshments ,bundled drinking water and nourishments and the handling of meat and poultry. As of late it has been seen that India has encountered a generous adjustment and advancement in the utilization, creation and exchange that is don e in the Indian horticultural segment. In the year 2000 it has been seen that India has encountered the development rate as far as the worth that is identified with the fare of marine items, tea, sugar and rice. India is conveying high estimation of fares of different customary products which incorporates espresso, tobacco, sugar and rice. The sorted out food segment of India establishes to around 30%. The most elevated extent or the offer if there should be an occurrence of the sorted out food in India is primarily contributed by the poultry and the meat section. The macroeconomic condition if there should arise an occurrence of India gives a wide and various territory and openings towards the development and improvement in the business and this contributes towards the advancement of the national economy. The food handling industry in India represents 32% of the food advertise in India. The food handling industry in India is one of the biggest and is positioned fifth as far as creation, utilization and fare. The complete evaluated estimation of

Porter five forces Essay

Content 1. Presentation 2. Clarification of the Porter Model 3. Watchmen five powers Automobile industry 4. End and shortcomings 1. Presentation Audi History Everything started with August Horch, one of Germany’s spearheading characters vehicle engineers. He set up business all alone in 1899, building up Horch and Cie. Motorwagen Werke in Cologne on November 14 of that year. August Horch left the organization in 1909 and quickly settled a subsequent vehicle organization in Zwickau. Since his last name was at that point being used and was ensured by trademark, he picked its Latin interpretation for the new organization. So â€Å"horch!† †or â€Å"hark† †became â€Å"audi!†. The Audi brand built up a custom of brandishing accomplishment from the very start. On account of his successful contribution in the Austrian Alpine Runs somewhere in the range of 1911 and 1914, August Horch prevailing with regards to making Audi universally known inside only a couple of years. The Audi four-ring insignia represents the merger in 1932 of four already autonomous engine vehicle producers: Audi, DKW, Horch and Wanderer. In 1969 Auto Union GmbH amalgamated with NSU Motorenwerke AG. [1] Audi Financial circumstance The income in 2013 is 49,880 ERU million, which is higher than that in 2012(48,711 ERU million). Working pay in 2013 is 1,952 ERU million, which is likewise higher than 2012. With 1,575,480 Audi vehicles sold through the span of the past financial year (2013), the volume focus of 1.5 million conveyances initially imagined for 2015waseasilly Exceeded, two years in front of timetable. [2] The explanation I decide to break down watchman five powers of Audi, in light of the fact that I like the presence of Audi SUV Q5 and Q7. What's more, I have the right to possess my vehicle in the couple of years when I have enough cash. Therefore, for me, it has some assistance that I have the information on the foundation. 2. Clarification of the Porter Model Watchman five powers examination is a structure for industry investigation and business methodology improvement. It draws upon modern association (IO) financial aspects to infer five powers that decide the serious force and accordingly allure of a market. Allure in this setting alludes to the general business productivity. A â€Å"unattractive† industry is one in which the blend of these five powers acts to drive down by and large productivity. An extremely ugly industry would be one drawing closer â€Å"pure competition†, in which accessible benefits for all organizations are headed to typical benefit. This examination is related with its main pioneer Michael E. Doorman of Harvard University (starting at 2014). 3. Doormen five powers Automobile industry Hindrances to Entry Capital necessities The measure of capital required to begin a vehicle organization is huge. For the normal individual, they can’t go along and begin producing cars. As to assemble an auto firm, they need numerous variables like the site, work and the help of innovation, which be get by capital. Therefore, the capital is the greatest factor for the formation of auto firm. Innovation Innovation additionally is an import factor to construct the auto firm. It is confused not just for the auto firm itself, likewise for the parts providers. As we probably am aware, creation of the vehicles can’t complete by the auto firm, which has noteworthy impact by the car providers. In the interim, thoughts and innovation that gives upper hand over others when protected, keeping others from utilizing it and in this way makes obstruction to section. Rivalry There are as of now critical entrenched contenders. Globalization the inclination of world speculation and organizations to move from national and residential markets to an overall situation, is a tremendous factor influencing the auto advertise. Consequently, numerous auto firms can contend with the others from household markets to the world. Rivalry will turn out to be more vicious than the past. Government guidelines and approaches In spite of the fact that government’s work is to save free serious market, it confines rivalry through guidelines and limitations. Accordingly, government guidelines are a major piece of hindrances for the car business. Vehicle firms need to watch wellbeing plan, emanation norms and eco-friendliness by government. What's more, various nations have different arrangements and limitation on vehicle industry for example Economic Commission of Europe. Showcasing another brand Showcasing another brand can be troublesome. Not just appropriation expenses and stamping costs are over the top expensive, yet individuals can't simple to acknowledge another brand particularly auto brand. Individuals will be stressed on the exhibition and wellbeing of vehicles. Hence, denoting another brand is an obstruction to passage car industry. Dealing Power of Suppliers For car providers, there are two unique circumstances which because of various haggling power. Initially, some solid providers (for example BOSCH, DENSO) have enormous talk capacity to auto organizations and the market, as they gracefully numerous items for various auto organizations (not just Audi). The providers have more piece of the pie than the others and much income. Furthermore, the results of the providers have licenses and can't supplant through changing the providers. On the off chance that there are not many providers giving material fundamental to make an item, at that point they can set the value high to catch more benefit. Ground-breaking providers can press industry productivity to extraordinary broaden. Along these lines, auto organizations are helpless against the providers. Furthermore, a few providers are regularly little and medium size, though vehicle organizations are huge and globalized. Numerous providers are reliant on a solitary vehicle producer, as they sim ply have the limit of providing a litter item. Besides, asâ we know, globalization has enormously expanded the likelihood to bring down expense however appropriate providers. On the off chance that an automaker chose to switch providers, it could be wrecking to the past supplier’s business. Thus, providers are very helpless to the requests and prerequisites of the car producer. For a long time, the connection among constructing agents and providers has been direct. Since every vehicle was structured without any preparation and seen by the automaker as an interesting item, all interests in arrangements and advances for new models were attempted by the automaker. Given this market setting, it is anything but difficult to finish up from the above conversation that no job existed for the provider at the advancement level. At the assembling stage, especially for more straightforward parts where there was a very much evolved advertise, subcontracting would normally happen. [3] For this explanation, Audi AG has critical capacity to these providers. Bartering Power of clients For Audi vehicles, clients might be recognized by the intensity of financial capacity. While customers are value delicate, they don’t have a lot of purchasing power as they never buy tremendous volumes of vehicles. In any case, the cost is certifiably not a primary factor for the individuals who have limit of purchasing extravagance vehicles. The client can uninhibitedly pick the item that best accommodates its inclinations, status and way of life among many. Clients can discover a wide range of brands and vehicle models in the market, focusing on broadly varying execution, quality, appearance, valuing, extra highlights. Clients have considerable force, predominantly due to the enormous assortment of extravagance brands and item to look over, and as a result of the nearness of substitutes. The nearness of numerous substitutes to extravagance vehicles upgrades essentially the haggling intensity of potential clients. Purchasers have the ability to request lower cost or higher item quality from industry makers when their bartering power is solid. [4] On the other hand, it is certain to help the auto firms create and advance themselves. Danger of substitute items Substitute items have two distinct sorts. Different sorts of transport can satisfy the driving of interest, for example, motorbikes, bikes, open transportation frameworks, planes. To individual contemplations, individuals will discover substitute items. Running and bike can give individuals a healthyâ lifestyle, while ensures condition by picking transport. While we examine doorman five powers of Audi, we ought to think about not just different kinds of transport for substitute items, likewise concern vehicles themselves. As clients pick vehicles of different brands in the marker, which replaces the vehicles of Audi. On the off chance that we consider the issues which utilize different brands to substitute the Audi, we will discover the relativity between bartering intensity of clients, danger of substitute items and serious contention. With expanding number of substitute items, dealing intensity of clients and serious contention will become increment simultaneously. For Audi, BMW and Mercedes-Benz are the most evident substitutes in the market of mid-extravagance vehicles. Or on the other hand either better quality vehicles which ultra-extravagance brands, (for example, Ferrari, Lamborghini, Rolls Royce, Bentley)and the opposite finish of the range, more affordable vehicles from non-extravagance brands, (for example, Toyota, Ford, Fiat, GM) can take part in the opposition. As a matter of fact, the differentiation between extravagance vehicles and non-extravagance vehicles itself is somewhat obscured now and then. Weight of the terrible monetary atmosphere instigates clients to pick more affordable vehicles, as their pay diminishes and desires on the future decline. Subsequently, danger of substitute items change with request of our lives and the circumstance of economy. Serious contention The contention between organizations is fairly extreme, particularly between the three worldwide pioneers: Audi, BMW and Mercedes-Benz. It isn't basic that three organizations have serious competition. Since patterns that are not radical that you put some distance between the market, however that go far enough that the market is set up to follow. [2] It implies a little slip-up will make the auto firms lose its market. The three organizations expressly perceive each other as contenders, and their open articulations and

A Description of the Sumerian Society Essay Example for Free

A Description of the Sumerian Society Essay ?Sumerian culture moved into the Middle East and settled in the Mesopotamian region around 4000 B. C. E. , bringing about the settlement of that human advancement. Sumerians contributed the city-states idea, made a basic composing framework, fortified their association with their religion, and furthermore recorded the world’s most seasoned story. The expansion to Sumer’s city-states thought had a blasting effect in their political structure. They were more sorted out than most political frameworks in different civic establishments. With this, the Sumerian culture had the option to manage religion and uphold laws in a superior way. Their idea later turned into a custom of territorial principle, essentially making an early organization for different social orders to embrace and gain from. Following a few centuries of Sumer’s settlement, composing, the most critical development in millennia’s, was brought into Sumerian culture. See more: Perseverance exposition Despite the fact that it was unexpected, the expansion to such a progressive thought made their way of life considerably increasingly prosperous. Things prompted another, and soon enough, the Sumerian culture had a whole letters in order that was alluded to as cuneiform, in the palm of their hands. They started to record their history and culture, later coming about in the world’s most established story, the Epic of Gilgamesh and considerably more from their way of life. Sumer’s prologue to cuneiform sprouted into an efficient lift all through their whole society. Their creation assisted with advancing exchange and assembling. They had the option to convey considerably more impeccably, prompting exchanges similar to India. In addition to the fact that it supported the exchanging framework, however it did ponders in recording quite a bit of Sumerian history. Sumer’s settlement implied numerous prosperous things. Their thoughts and creations of cuneiform, city-states, ziggurats, work specialization, and so on , prompted extraordinary accomplishments that different human advancements embraced and copied.

Summer in Boston

Summer in Boston To fully appreciate MIT’s location, venture to downtown Boston. The Institute campus combines the chillness of living Cambridge and the proximity to a big city. It only takes 10 minutes to get downtown from East Campus. From there, it’s an ~11-minute walk to Chinatown, State House, Boston Common, Public Garden etc. I travel Downtown almost every week: to shop, eat, see a movie, or simply take a walk down the Freedom Trail to the ocean. In the summer, there are even more reasons to leave the MIT bubbleâ€"the city features an array of events and performances. Below are the four I attended last year. I’ll keep you updated for more Boston activities this summer (and let me know what I missed in the comments below). Boston Skyline, as seen from MIT Faneuil Hall (incl. Street Performances) Faneuil Hall is both a reminder of Boston’s glorious revolutionary past and an embodiment of modern consumerism and globalism. Here, you can go on a historical tour, then shop at places like Urban Outfitters, American Eagle, Banana Republic, and Uniqloâ€"a gradient for different budgets. You can also buy souvenirs, including hot sauce from the worlds #1 hot shop. When you get hungry, head to the Quincy Market (largest food hall in New England, behind Faneuil) for local seafood and international cuisine, of visit historic restaurants, including the one from Cheers. You can eat your food under the beautiful Quincy Market dome, or outside on the benches, watching the sun set and the lights turn onâ€"highly romantic. Wait until the family-friendly venues close, and you can join the crowd of bar-goers. Faneuil Hall is also beauitful in the winter, with lights, music, and a giant Christmas tree or Valentine’s Day ice bench. For entertainment, Faneuils daily street theatre features a line-up of world-renowned performers, and sometimes, you can watch four at a time in various locations around the Quincy and Faneuil buildings. In the front, it’s gymnasts and hip-hop dancers. Between the buildings and in the back, musicians or circus acts. My favorite performer is a 10-year old boy who sings and plays piano and sax for his “college fund”; it is both a sad reminder of college costs and a way to see a child prodigy in action. I’m also a fan of Kilted Colin, whose performance I’ve seen three times, twice with impressed friends. Where else could you see a funny man in a skirt riding a unicycle while playing the Star Wars theme on the bagpipes and juggling large knives (see below)? Oh, and there’s a surprise involving Colins kilt in the end.   Left: Faneuil Hall. Right: Kilted Colins performance finale (unicycle, bagpipe, and knives). Jimmy Fund Scooper Bowl So. Much. Ice cream! The Jimmy Fund Scooper Bowl is the best sort of fundraiser: with unlimited dessert! Pay at the entrance, get a sunny handstamp, and eat as many cups of ice cream as you can handle. Smart people stack the cups for tracking purposes, and walk around with truly glorious cup towers. I didnt track my consumption, but definitely ate a lot. And it was life-changingâ€"I discovered the Ben Jerry’s Cherry Garcia ice cream! In between sampling various brands and flavors, my friend and I visited the photobooth with cute blow-up ice cream shapes and hats. There were other activities as well, helpful for breaks in between portions, but the lines in front of the brands tents served a similar purpose. The event is a bit pricey, but worth it if you arrive hungry. Also, 88 cents of every dollar raised supports the life-saving mission of Dana-Farber Cancer Instituteâ€"a great cause. If you like ice cream, convince your friends to join you in the lines, and come by the City Hall Plaza around June 6 every year. It’s right across from Faneuil Hall.       July 4th Fireworks There are two places to see Independence Day fireworks. One is the children’s version by the ocean, the other is the adult version over the Charles River. The childrens version takes place at sunset on the Sunday before July 4th, at the end of the annual Boston Harborfest. It’s earlier and more subdued than the fabulous River version, but still worth it if you like fireworks and don’t mind being around children. You can grab food or a milkshake at nearby Quincy Market, and get super close to the fiery action at the Harbor. The Harborfest fireworks didn’t happen this year, but I hope they bring them back in the future for a perfect blend of peaceful and exciting. Great time for introspection, too. The adult option is the Boston Pops Fireworks Spectacular on July 4th by the Charles River, which attracts around half a million people. It’s preceded by several free concerts, with celebrity guests on the 4th (last year, it was Demi Lovato and Nick Jonas; this year, it’s Hamilton  star Leslie Odom Jr.). People start gathering for the concert at noon, but you can also listen to the music from speakers on the other side of the river. The River fireworks is when you most appreciate MIT’s campusâ€"it is the only Cambirdge location right across the festivities. The fireworks are a simple road crossing from East Campus or the Green Building. My EC neighbors once took two couches to the riverbank in the afternoon, and chilled until the fireworksâ€" couldnt do that anywhere else! On the way to July 1st Harborfest fireworks Boston GreenFest   GreenFest is geared towards “real” adults, but is also fascinating for engineers. I was intrigued by the futuristic flying solar pods for mass transit (read more here and see picture below). I wasnt real adult enough to get the pitch on energy conservation (I was first asked if I paid the electric bill). I did, however, see vendors with sustainable products, get free stuff, and catch a reggae concert. I also took advantage of the free samples of expensive organic drinks and foods. My favorite GreenFest food booth featured a touch-screen quiz you could take to determine the right trail mix for your personality. That perfect trail mix was then dispensed for you at no cost. The machine malfunctioned when it was my turn, but I look forward to taking this most useful personality quiz around August 10 this year. Other GreenFest activities are artists performances on three stages, a Local Food Emporium with international cuisine, Wine Beer Garden, EcoForums, BostonGreenFilmFest, and  e xhibitors/vendors. GreenFest is held on the same City Hall Plaza as the Jimmy Fund Scooper Bowl, and all events are free. TransitX Flying Solar Pod (left) and composting toilet (crapper + tinkler, right) Post Tagged #summer

The Maternal Microbiome and Autism - Free Essay Example

Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are a series of development disorders which include autistic disorder, Rett’s disorder, childhood disintegrative disorder, and Asperger’s syndrome. Autism spectrum disorders are classically characterized by, among others, severe and pervasive impairment in several areas of social and behavioural development (5). Recently, numerous basic science studies in mice and epidemiological studies in humans have revealed a link between Maternal Immune Activation (MIA) and ASD phenotypes (2-4, 6). Furthermore, instances of MIA leading to ASD like phenotypes appear to be primarily linked to immune activation in the first 2 trimesters (7). Herein, we will review several recent studies that begin to elucidate the mechanism linking MIA and ASD as well as the key role played by the maternal micorbiota in driving these pathways. Hsiao et al. 2013, demonstrates GI barrier defects and microbiota alterations in the MIA model displaying offpsing with ASD-like phenotypes. Parrallelling epidemiological studies in humans that showed increased instances of IBD and other GI disorders were highly prevelant in ASD individuals (9). Investigators demonstrated that adult MIA offspring exhibited a number of similar GI defects, notably increased gut permeability as demonstrated by the translocation of dextran across the intestinal epithelium (8). The disbiosis of gut microbiota was also described in ASD individuals, and while a well defined ASD-assocaiated microbiota has not been established, rigorous examination of the composition of the ASD-associated microbiota revealed that while overall abundance of identified bacteria did not change, the alterations in the specific operational taxonomic units of both Clostridia and Bacteroidial were significant. Introduction of B. fragilis, which had been previously shown to emeleriat e colitis (15) was able to correct the intestinal permeability in MIA offspring. In addition, administration of B. fragilis restored MIA-associated increases in IL-6, which has been previoulsy shown to be increased in MIA mothers and offspring (6, 10). Treatment with B. fragilis not only decreased the GI defects in MIA offspring, it also acted to return the microbiota toxonomy toward a more â€Å"normal† composition, reducing the disproportionate ratios found in MIA offspring. In addition to restoring the normal microbiota composition B. fragilis treatment also reduced ASD-like behavioural abnormalities. Suggesting a link between the microbiome and CNS that is still largely unexplored. Next we examine the effect of the maternal microbiota on early postnatal immune system development as described by de Aguero et al.. Here investigators used gestation-only colonization and germ-free delivery to ensure that any change in neonatal immune composition was limited to encounters with the maternal microbiota only during gestation. At 14 days post-birth it was shown that elevated numbers of early post-natal intestinal innate leukocytes, specifically the NKp46+ROR?t+ ILC3 subpopulaiton, as well as intestinal F4/80+CD11c+ mononulcear cells (iMNC) were present in pups born to gestation-only colonized dams compared to germ-free controls. Counter to the innate leukocyte alterations seen in the germ-free animals, the adaptive immune composition of the neonates was not impacted. No difference was seen in T or B cell levels in the central or peripheral lyphoid organs as well as systemic CD4 or CD8 T cell numbers. Investigators went on to show significant changes to the transcription al programming in the intestinal epithelium. These transcriptional changes included upregulation of gene networks repsonsible for a wide range of intestinal functions that were previoulsy associated with post-natal colonization, indicating that maternal microbial colonization may shape not only the early post-natal immune response but intestinal epithelial development as well. Alterations to the NKp46+ ILC3 populations relied upon maternal antibodies, with the effect being successfully recapitulated through serum transfer from colonized to non-colonized dams. This effect was lost however when the serum was depleted of IgG, indicating an antibody driven mechanism. Interestingly, when antibody-deficient pregnant dams were transiently colonized the increase in NKp46+ ILC3, but not the F4/80+CD11c+ iMNC subpopulations was lost. This indicated that a different mechanism for the increase in iMNC was present. An extensive range of bacteria-derived molecules were shown to be transferred fro m the mother to the offspring as well. In short, it was determined that contrary to general concensus the early post-natal immune system, as well as intestinal development is shaped by interaction with the maternal microbiota. We will now examine this intertaction between maternal microbiota and the prenate, in the presence of inflammation, and its promotion of neurodevelopmental abnormalities (3) and autism like phenotypes (4). Both Choi et al. 2016, and Kim et al. 2017, describe the degenerative effects of IL-17a on neurodevelopment and the resulting ASD-like phenotypes in the offspring of mothers who underwent a Th17 inducing inflammatory response. In Choi, et al. 2016, it was shown that elevated levels of maternal IL-17a induced from MIA resulted in abnormal cortical development in offspring. Injection of a viral mimic, poly(I:C), during gestation resulted in elevated levels of IL-6, TNF?, IFN-?, and IL-1? almost immediately, followed by a strong increase inserum levels of IL-17a approximately 2 days later. It was previously shown that IL-6 is necessary for Th17 cell differentiation (10) and plays a key intermediary role in multiple neurological disorders (6). This was reinforced when IL-6 KOt mice fai led to to increase serum levels of IL-17a when injected with poly(I:C) and conversely when wild-type mothers injected with IL-6 showed greater IL-17a responses, validating IL-6 as a necessary upstream precursor to IL-17a. Increases in maternal circulating IL-17a resulted in augmentation of IL-17a receptor (IL-17Ra) in the fetal brain. Upregulation of maternal IL-17a resulted in abnormal cortical development which promoted ASD-like phenotypes such as repetitive and anti-social behaviors (4). Injections of IL-17a directly into the fetal brain in the absence of MIA resulted in similar but not identical abnormal cortical development suggesting that some pre-existing inflammation is necessary to fully reproduce the cortical disorganization seen in ASD-like offspring. ROR?t expression in maternal T cells was also shown to be necessary for the development of ASD-like phenotypes in MIA offspring, further supporting the hypothesis that a Th17 inducing inflammatory response is required to promote the ASD-like phenotype in mice. Finally, it was demonstrated that in the presence of inflammation either knock out of ROR?t espression or IL-17a-blocking antibody given to pregnant dams were able to rescue the ASD-like phenotype from MIA offspring. Indicating both may be effective therapeutic targets. Kim et al. 2017, was able to f urther elucidate this complicated interplay between inflammation, MIA, and pregnancy. Pregnant dams injected with poly(I:C) followed by treatment with vancomycin decreased the the proportion of Th17 cells in the intestine and reduced the levels of IL-17a in the maternal plasma. Segmented fillamentous bacteria (SFB) were identified as being both susceptibel to vancomycin (11) and greatly contribute to intestinal Th17 cell propogation (12). Naturaly occuring differences in SFB in different mice strains were used to validate this hypothesis. Showing SFB colonization resulted in an increase in pre-existing Th17 cells as indicated by a very rapid increase in plasma IL-17a levels. The complex link between the maternal microbiota, the maternal immune system, and their combined effects on the developing fetus is just beginning to be understood. Numerous avenues from which to pursue these relationships are apparent, and these datas point towards a few key points that have yet to be elucidated. The first being ROR?t and its dichotomous role. For instance, when expressed in NKp46+ ILC3 or iLT cells its role appears somewhat protective (13), compared to its role in T cells inducing pro-inflammatory Th17 cell differentiation resulting in increased levels of IL-17a and the described effects on neurological development. Secondly the unique intestinal milieu of pregnancy and why it appears a necessary requirement for the secretion of key intermediary cytokines IL-1?, IL-6, and IL-23 upstream of IL-17a (3). Changes in the maternal microbiome have previously been shown to increase levels of Bacteroides and Staphylococcus species especially mothers with comorbidities (14). As aberrant ratios of Bacteriodes species were identified as a potential role player in MIA pathogenesis (2) it would be interesting perhaps to investigate if there is a hormonal effect at play here. References 1. Gomez de Aguero, M., S. C. Ganal-Vonarnburg, T. Fuhrer, S. Rupp, Y. Uchimura, H. Li, A. Steinert, M. Heikenwalder, S. Hapfelmeier, U. Sauer, K. D. McCoy and A. J. Macpherson (2016). The maternal microbiota drives early postnatal innate immune development. Science 351 (6279): 1296-1302. 2. Hsiao, E. Y., S. W. McBride, S. Hsien, G. Sharon, E. R. Hyde, T. McCue, J. A. Codelli, J. Chow, S. E. Reisman, J. F. Petrosino, P. H. Patterson and S. K. Mazmanian (2013). Microbiota modulate behavioral and physiological abnormalities associated with neurodevelopmental disorders. Cell 155 (7): 1451-1463. 3. Kim, S., H. Kim, Y. S. Yim, S. Ha, K. Atarashi, T. G. Tan, R. S. Longman, K. Honda, D. R. Littman, G. B. Choi and J. R. Huh (2017). Maternal gut bacteria promote neurodevelopmental abnormalities in mouse offspring. Nature 549 (7673): 528-532. 4. Choi, G.B., Y. S. Yim, H. Wong, S. Kim, H. Kim, S. V. Kim, C. A. Hoeffer and D. R. Littman (2016). â€Å"The maternal interleukin-17a pathway in m ice promotes autism-like phenotypes in offspring.† Science 351(6276): 933-939 5. APA. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. American Psychiatric Publishing, Inc; Arlington, VA: 2000. 6. Smith, S. E., Li, J., Garbett, K., Mirnics, K., Patterson, P. H. (2007). Maternal immune activation alters fetal brain development through interleukin-6. The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience, 27(40), 10695-702. 7. Patterson P.H. (2009). Immune involvement in schizophrenia and autism: etiology, pathology and animal models. Behavioural Brain Research, 204:313–321. 8. De Magistris L, Familiari V, Pascotto A, Sapone A, Frolli A, Iardino P, Carteni M, De Rosa M, Francavilla R, Riegler G, Militerni R, Bravaccio C. (2010). Alterations of the intestinal barrier in patients with autism spectrum disorders and in their first-degree relatives. Journal Pediatric Gastroenterol Nutrition. 51(4):418-24. 9. Kohane, I. S., McMurry, A., W eber, G., MacFadden, D., Rappaport, L., Kunkel, L., Bickel, J., Wattanasin, N., Spence, S., Murphy, S., Churchill, S. (2012). The co-morbidity burden of children and young adults with autism spectrum disorders. PloS one, 7(4). 10. Kuchroo, V. K. and A. Awasthi (2012). Emerging new roles of Th17 cells. European Journal of Immunology 42(9): 2211-2214. 11. Ivanov, I. I., Frutos, R., Manel, N., Yoshinaga, K., Rifkin, D. B., Sartor, R. B., Finlay, B. B., Littman, D. R. (2008). Specific microbiota direct the differentiation of IL-17-producing T-helper cells in the mucosa of the small intestine. Cell host microbe, 4(4), 337-49. 12. Ivanov, I. I., Atarashi, K., Manel, N., Brodie, E. L., Shima, T., Karaoz, U., Wei, D., Goldfarb, K. C., Santee, C. A., Lynch, S. V., Tanoue, T., Imaoka, A., Itoh, K., Takeda, K., Umesaki, Y., Honda, K., †¦ Littman, D. R. (2009). Induction of intestinal Th17 cells by segmented filamentous bacteria. Cell, 139(3), 485-98. 13. Vonarbourg, C., Mortha, A., B ui, V. L., Hernandez, P. P., Kiss, E. 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Middle Ages And Renaissance Essay - 1123 Words

Middle ages Renaissance Stephani Klingensmith Western Governors University The middle ages, also known as the dark ages lasting about a thousand years. A time in history when life was hard and people were very poor. According to the article written in 2008 The middle ages western reserve public media, the middle ages were from 476A.D to 1450A.D. The article stated that the middle ages were called the dark ages because, the great civilization of Rome and Greece had been conquered. Because so many people were poor most owed a debt to someone of higher power. The person of higher power would let the person who owed the debt work and live on their land, and let them work in their homes, until the debt that was owed was paid off. The poor people were forced to pay high taxes on the land and it was made very hard to pay off the debt, but would be offered protection. Music and art were important and influenced mostly by the church. People would sing with and without instruments. On the website smartthinking.khanacademy.org/medevil.html, an Italian poet named Petratch believed that the dark ages were a period of intellectual darkness, due to the loss of the classical learning, which he saw as light. In the article medieval music written in 2014 on Annenberglearner.org, in many of the paintings it showed angels playing things like harps, organs, and other stringed instruments. Some paintings even showed what we see today as a one man band. During the middle agesShow MoreRelatedMiddle Ages vs. the Renaissance Essay736 Words   |  3 PagesThere are many contrasts in the beliefs and values of the Renaissance and the Middle Ages. The Middle Ages was a time of great suffering, including famine and widespread disease. The Renaissance, however, was a revival of art, learning, and literature. Their views of the purpose of life in the present world and mans place in the world was, perhaps, the greatest contrast. However, their views on politics, religion, and education were very different as well. The purpose of life and mans place inRead MoreArt and Architecture in the Middle Ages and Renaissance Essay949 Words   |  4 PagesThe difference between the Middle Ages and the Renaissance is most visible through art and architecture, demonstrated specifically through an emphasis on religion or classical antiquity, and humanity. During the Middle Ages, art was more religious because it had a very religious influence from the church having such great power in the community. When the Renaissance started, art became more focused on ancient Greece. The Greek influence was because scholars were broadly studying the revival of classicalRead MoreA Comparison of The Middle Ages vs. The Renaissance Essay1530 Words   |  7 PagesThe Middle Ages and Renaissance where worlds apart in every aspect of life. In areas of art, tools such as perspective, realism, and individualism showed the great leap in creativity during the Renaissance. Likewise, the worldly individual, or the â€Å"Renaissa nce Man†, was an improvement over the ignorant, spiritual man of the Middle Ages. Also, the revival of classical learning and education that occurred in the Renaissance was the exact opposite of the suppression of learning during the Middle AgesRead MoreThe Shift Between The Middle Ages And Renaissance Essay1343 Words   |  6 PagesThe shift between the Middle Ages and the Renaissance was characterized by great socio-economic, political, and religious changes. Politically, the feudal system of the Middle Ages was exchanged for a more stable centralized republic/monarchy system that gave the people more freedom and input. Religiously, secularism became more important as stability gave people a chance to concern themselves with the â€Å"here and now† rather than simply the â€Å"hereafter.† Socially, there was a shift from dogma andRead MoreEssay Middle Ages Renaissance Study Guide (Unit 2)1098 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿Middle Ages Dates: 500-1450 1. What was going historically during this era?   What was life like? It was a chaotic period of social and political unrest. Religious and political differences between and within regions led to nearly constant warfare. The life of all the classes was dominated by the feudal system - feudalism. 2.   Who or what had the power? The church 3.   Who were learned or literate? holy men or people of important status such as kings, queens, and knights most other people wereRead MoreThe Middle Ages And Renaissance964 Words   |  4 Pages The Middle Ages and Renaissance were two very different periods of time. Throughout the Middle Ages, it was believed that God was the ruler, and almost everything in life was based around religion. Illiteracy was also very widespread, unless one was a religious figure. For example, priests and monks were basically the only literate people during the Middle Ages, and they were the ones that would do all the reading, and writing from the Bible. One of the main reasons for illiteracy was the lack ofRead MoreThe Fight For Gender Equality Essay1357 Words   |  6 Pageswriters, and poets in some form argued for gender equality. Now, this essay won t focus on every aspect of gender equality by every single influential person, but it will zoom in on certain notable literary figures that incorporated progressive views within their work. All things considered, the essay will analyze the role of women within Chaucer and Shakespeare s literary work while keeping the historical, Middle Ages and Renaissance, time periods in mind. More Specifically, â€Å"The Wife of Bath’s PrologueRead MoreRenaissance: Impact on English Literature1723 Words   |  7 PagesRenaissance: Impact on English Literature .   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Renaissance is a French word which means rebirth, reawakening or revival. In literature the term Renaissance is used to denote the revival of ancient classical literature and culture and re-awakening of human mind, after the long sleep in the Medieval Ages, to the glory, wonders and beauty of mans earthly life and nature. The great literary movement, Renaissance began in  Italy  with the fall of  Constantinople  in 1453. But its influenceRead MoreWhy Did The Renaissance Come From Northern Europe?1696 Words   |  7 PagesWhy did the Renaissance come later to northern Europe than to Italy and what were its distinctive characteristics? The Renaissance, a term coined by Giorgio Vasari in 1550 , is used to describe the period of cultural and intellectual change which started in Italy and then spread across the rest of Europe. This development in society led to Europe stepping out of the medieval era and becoming a powerhouse on a global scale. The Italian Renaissance is what the majority of people think ofRead MoreTo What Extent Is the Term Renaissance a Valid Concept for a Distinct Period in Early Modern European History?623 Words   |  3 Pages1. To what extent is the term Renaissance a valid concept for a distinct period in early modern European history? During the 14th to 17th century, a new golden age emerged. This age was characterized the Renaissance. Led by northern Italian cities, the Renaissance was fundamentally by economic growth, as Europeans sought to achieve higher standards of intellect. The Renaissance marked the beginning of Modern history. It subsequently revived their socio cultural achievements, developing ideas of

Reflection On Diversity - 827 Words

A Reflection on the Analysis Diversity for me is central to having a successful, creative, dynamic education environment where everyone is welcomed. Without diversity, I think we are less creative individually and collectively. I can describe diversity as a collection of people who have their own unique qualities, who are different and sharing and embracing each other’s individual beliefs, cultures, and thoughts. The differences could be cultural, racial, or learning styles. According to Coleman, Lipper, and Negron (n.d.), students who attend school with diverse population can develop an understanding of the perspective of children from different backgrounds and learn to function in a multicultural, multi-ethnic environment. The school†¦show more content†¦A Reflection on the Application I think Module 1 application helped me most to understand diversity. I had the opportunity to analyze my personal diversity, strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats related to that diversity. I also learned how to develop demographic portraits of diverse learners in my school. I worked on the achievement gap between Hispanic students and their peers. I learned that research-based interventions and principles of Universal Design for Learning (UDL) can help educators to close the achievement gap between diverse learners and their peers. I assessed the multicultural education in my school, the level of support we provide to diverse learners. I examined the cultural, socio-economic, language differences in my school by gathering data from the state of Nevada School Report Card. I used the data to identify students groups, achievement gaps between them by comparing the state averages. I also learned that parental involvement is one of the key element in order to close the achievement gap, especially for Hispanic/Latino students. Some barriers prevent parents from being more engaged with their children’s school. I believe that one of the biggest barriers to parents’ involvement in their children’s education is cultural differences between educators and parents. As educators, we have to figure out a way to help the parents and understand how to navigate theShow MoreRelatedReflection On Diversity And Diversity867 Words   |  4 Pageshis or her diversity. Also, a leader needs to include every indiv idual to participate in the activities or meetings. The chapter contains the explanation, the history, practice, and barriers of both diversity and inclusion. I will share my reflection about understanding and using diversity and inclusion to become a better leader. According to the article, diversity is the existence of different cultures or ethnicities within a group or an organization. So it telling me that diversity is that eachRead MoreReflection On Diversity865 Words   |  4 PagesReflection I am a young black woman who is trying to pave the way to success through furthering my education. Everything I bring to the table adds to the spectrum of diversity. Growing up I always felt different. The elementary school I attended , I always could recognize where I differed from everybody else. My hair, my skin tone, my gap (before the braces), and especially height. It wasn’t easy but the older I became, I learned to embrace every aspect of me. Diversity to me is what you bring toRead MoreDiversity Analysis And Reflection On Diversity Essay2454 Words   |  10 Pages 3rd Diversity Summary Reflection The purpose of reflecting on others diversity presentation is to allow us students to learn how we compare to others and how we differ from others in the aspect of the internal and external dimensions. This summary will reflect the dimensions of religion, sexual orientation/identity, and disability. Others presentations allow us to be informed on other perspective per these dimensions. Not any two people in the world are completely the same. Everyone goes throughRead MoreReflection On Diversity974 Words   |  4 Pagesthough I almost panic-picked this course, I am expecting to acquire some knowledge about different topics that I have never experienced. Every teacher and professor are unique with their style of teaching, and I am looking forward to learning about diversity. 2. Your expectations and what you hope to get out of this course? As an international student in the most multicultural city in the world, I want to learn the differences and my concept of viewing the world with much wider range through thisRead MoreDiversity Reflection1049 Words   |  5 Pagesexposed to diversity as it was not present, or encouraged. Diversity did not exist within the walls of my school. I decided that I valued education that promotes the awareness, acceptance and respect of diversity. Because of that, I decided to create a series of activities combining elements of the Kindergarten Social Studies and Career Education curriculum. These activities intertwine with each to create a large scale project with the intent to promote and support the reality of diversity within LadnerRead MoreReflection On Diversity792 Words   |  4 Pages In order to be inclusive on campus, and gain the most from your time at this University, you must become comfortable to engage with others who are unlike yourself and to extend your network. Through t his video I learned what kind of diversity a person may provide to their community on multiple different levels, and how we create biases against others based on these traits which we observe. I am able to apply this to my personal life because it reminds me that when I meet new people I shouldnt beRead MoreDiversity Reflection976 Words   |  4 Pages1) The major question I feel like I didn’t answer well was my knowledge of culture and diversity. Specifically, I talked in depth about working with individuals with diverse ethnic backgrounds, but I did not think of diversity variables such as age, gender, SES, education level, etc. You should be prepared to talk about your clinical experiences (i.e., what they were, what your role was, were there any ethical issues that came up, etc.). For example, I worked as an in-home behavioral therapistRead MoreDiversity Reflection Essay896 Words   |  4 PagesDiversity Reflection Abstract The purpose of this paper is to reflect upon the diverse experiences that I have had in my personal and professional life. Fortunately, I have had a large mix of diverse friends and experiences in my life. This paper will discuss those diversities as well as the plan to expand on my current knowledge. Keywords: Diversity, culture, differences Growing up I always had the opportunity to interact with diverse groups. My father is a retired master sergeantRead MoreReflection Paper : Diversity Reflection Journal2144 Words   |  9 PagesDiversity Reflection Journal I had the pleasure of interviewing five great people that talk about their lives and how it all unfold before their eyes. Some shredded tears, laughed, took me on tours, and even shared photos of their lives. I had a great opportunity to share some background information about myself in so many ways, that most of them did not know that person lived in me. The five people that I interviewed were kept anonymous I have included their first initial, their full last name,Read MoreReflection On Culture And Diversity796 Words   |  4 Pages1. From my perspective, when I think of diverse contexts, I think of a great variety of influences and events interrelated to a particular situation. The relationship between culture and diversity is a great variety of groups represented within a community. These variety of groups are formed by race, ethnicity, age, ability, language, nationality, socioeconomic status, gender, religion and sexual orientation. As an African American who is aware of the d ifficult challenges (such as slavery and segregation)

Gossip, Lies and Writing Samples Essay in Ilts

Gossip, Lies and Writing Samples Essay in Ilts You maybe know you could buy flashcards from bookshops. Using flashcards is a typical approach to learn new words. The Writing Samples Essay in Ilts Stories From a personal standpoint, computers can help young folks to learn more concerning the world. Learners are getting to be ever more dependent on technology, like the world wide web and cellular devices. There are many websites where it is possible to discover people that are native English speakers and would like to help your learn English if you teach them your language. Task 2 Some people think that teaching children at home is ideal for a child's development even though others feel that it's essential for children to go to school. In the present modern world, computers are a critical part of normal life. To summarize, it's clear that computers are now part of our normal life. Utilizing a computer daily can have more negative than positive consequences on children. S tudents may also produce a spider gram to be a symbol of the borders of a particular nation. The students will finish a spider gram concerning the continents with countries. They can also write a short composition of a country based from the information contained in the graphic organizers. They can write a short paragraph about the boarders of a certain country. It is essential that the examiner can observe how good you're at unique varieties of writing. The examiner is just interested in the degree of your English. Finding the result you have to have in the IELTS writing test takes a lot of practice, and understanding the common pitfalls and mistakes many candidates make. The writing test is marked utilizing a 9-band scale, like the other areas of the test. Just take a sheet of paper and make one or more sentences for each word you merely learned. It's essential that you have some excellent examples so that you are able to compare your writing and see whether you're on t he right path. Topic sentences are usually located at the start of each paragraph. The sentences that you put in each individual paragraph will be dependent on which kind of question you become. The Little-Known Secrets to Writing Samples Essay in Ilts Lots of people know they need to increase their writing, but don't have any idea how to do that. You will need to write an answer to the question giving reasons and examples to back up your answer. If you attempt to answer a question that you don't understand, you will almost surely become incoherent. The question can help you with the structure of your talk. There are then more lessons on these pages for various kinds of essay and distinct questions, with a lot of suggestions and strategies for achieving a high score. In the second job, candidates are assessed on their capacity to create a crystal clear and logical argument on a particular topic. You may be amazed at how simple the questions are! You have to answer the questions you're asked. The Writing Samples Essay in Ilts Cover Up There are several ways to compose an essay. Therefore don't get intimidated if you believe you cannot write such essays. An essay has to be composed of an introduction, a body, and a conclusion. A well-structured essay has a fantastic introduction, body paragraphs that are simple to follow and connect with each other, and a great conclusion. Remember that each and every new idea must be written in a different paragraph. If you don't plan you are more inclined to get lost halfway through your essay and the outcome is normally an extremely confused bit of writing that is hard to read. Even if you believe you're a bad writer today, you can learn to take your simple essay and transform it into something considerably more effective. Narration is telling a story from a specific viewpoint, and there is normally a reason behind the telling. To finish off your IELTS task two essay, you must summarise your entire argument for a conclusion. You should compose a paper due to an inquiry. It is important that you fully understand the questions, particularly for task 2, the essay. Your final statement may be an upcoming prediction based on what you've shown in the essay. Writing Samples Essay in Ilts - Is it a Scam? To have a high score on your IELTS essay, you want to understand what a terrific essay is composed of. Looking at IELTS essay topics with answers is an excellent means that will help you to get ready for the test. You aren't prepared to acquire the IELTS Writing Task 2 score you have earned. Below you'll find all you want to accomplish a high score in IELTS Writing Task 2.

Group Decision Support Systems - 1865 Words

Introduction to GDSS Group decision support systems (GDSS) are interactive, computer-based systems that facilitate solution of semi-structured and unstructured problems by a designated set of decision-makers working together as a group. A GDSS can assist groups, especially groups of managers, in analyzing problem situations and in performing group decision making tasks. GDSS include structured decision tools for tasks like brainstorming, commenting on ideas, and rating and ranking of alternatives GDSS is also known as Group Support Systems (GSS) or Computer Support Cooperative Work System (CSCW). It is a silent partner to improve the efficiency, reliability, and quality of group decisions in meetings. GDSS are in some ways hybrid†¦show more content†¦A short list of popular GDSS systems has been summarized in Table. | GDSS Systems | Organizations | | | GroupSystems(Formerly known as Plexsys) | University of Arizona | | | SAMM | University of Minnesota | | | Claremont System | Claremont Graduate School | | | Team Focus | IBM | | | Colab System | Xerox | | Examples of using of GDSS 1) â€Å"One example of implementation of GDSS is at IBM. They, as well as many other corporations, initiated GDSS to improve group meetings. A specific case involved a plant manager not being able to identify the cause of problems with shop floor control. After having a meeting for two hours with plant personnel all that resulted were arguments and bad feelings. So after meeting with the companys GDSS facilitator, the manager decided to have ten plant employees, he, and two junior analysts participate in a GDSS program. They would use electronic brainstorming and voting to resolve the shop floor control problem. The manager and the facilitator decided the topic would be What are the key issues in improving shop floor control? After brainstorming for 35 minutes and compiling 645 lines of suggestions, ideas and comments on how to improve shop floor control, the manager found that he had gotten useful information about the issue for the first time. A list was compiled of the comments and thenShow MoreRelatedThe Role of Groupware and Group Decision Support Systems in Decision Making5909 Words   |  24 PagesINFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY Department: Business Informatics Course: MTech (Business Information Systems) Subject: Knowledge Technologies Code: KNT501T Lecturer: Prof. I Strydom Name : Simon Lishi Nkosi Student Number: 202191991 Assignment 1 Do a literature review clearly explaining the functionalities of groupware and group decision support systems, specifically indicating the overlaps but also the differences in the structure and functionalities of theseRead MoreHuman Computer Interaction And Analytics Technologies Essay1723 Words   |  7 Pagesanalytics technologies act as a decision support system for the further development in the human computer interaction. These analytical systems help us to identify the potential uses and help us to correct if any flaws are present in the existing ones. In this paper, we use dashboards for the analytical tools where these can be used in various domains like hospital, schools, industry and many places in the industry by the management and helps to drive towards decisions which can be used to improve theirRead MoreUse Of Information Systems On The Life Of Data910 Words   |  4 PagesUse of Information Systems in the Life of Data Is there a way to differentiate between whether we know something presented in an Information System, whether we believe it, or simply have a piece of information. And further, is an information system a valid tool for moving our thinking up the hierarchy. Actions and decision are what matter most when you are traversing the DIKW hierarchy. There are many actions that can be taken, and decisions that can be made by information systems. In fact some mightRead MoreManagement Information System Discussion Question Ch1.1. What Does the Word Processing in Date Processing Mean? Data Processing Changes and Manipulates the Data in the Is. the Computers Speed and Accuracy Enable751 Words   |  4 Pages to provide useful information. If a fashion designer wants to learn the newest trend in China of age group between 20 to 30, the data needed to be processed as information will be lists of colors, styles, and fabric materials. 4. Give three examples of subsystems not operating in the context of IT. Why are these considered subsystems and not systems? A boutique store has two sales associates, one buyer, and a manager. The sales team deals with customersRead MoreWestjet: Cheryl Smith1270 Words   |  6 Pagesstandards. With the results of the study, Cheryl was able to find out that the IT group of the company was technically competent and mostly were since the company’s early days, knowing only the â€Å"WestJet IT way†. Another important fact that she found out was that comparing to the industry, the IT number of employees within skills sets was different. Another important aspect that Cheryl found out was that half of the systems, operations and procedures of the company were industry-standard. The IT departmentRead MoreDecision Support Systems in Organizational Decision Making800 Words   |  4 PagesDecision Support Systems in Organizational Decision Making Decision making refers to the process of finding and selecting options according to the priorities and values of the person making the decision. Since there are many choices involved, it is important to identify as many options as possible so as to pick the option that best fits a company’s target, goals, values and vision. Due to the integral role of decision making in company growth and financial progress, many firms such as Amazon.comRead MoreCreating A Data Driven Decision Making School Essay1339 Words   |  6 PagesCreating a Data Driven Decision Making School Tips that Work Tameka R. Crook Alabama A M University Author Note EDL 530: Data Driven Decision Making Correspondence concerning this paper should be addressed to Tameka Crook, Department of Educational Leadership, P.O Box 998 Normal, Alabama Contact: tcrook2@bulldogs.aamu.edu Abstract Collecting data has been a decades old practice of educators. The No Child Left Behind (NCLB) Act prompted front-runners in education toRead MoreStrategic Decision Level Of Strategic Decisions1494 Words   |  6 Pages1.1.1 Strategic decision level Strategic decision level plays the most important role in any company. They decide the success of the company and they have long period indication towards the company. They involve in most of the departures from practices and procedures. Strategic decisions are unstructured and the manager has to imply his or her business decision, interpretation and instinct into the problem. These decisions depend on some parts of information from environmental factors which areRead MoreSystem Theory Of Information Systems Essay1235 Words   |  5 PagesSystem Theory Information systems can be classified into four types. These type are highly recognizable within an organization, mainly for its effectiveness in terms of interpreting information. Information systems are both manage by people such as analysts and automated systems such as databases servers, in a way they complement each other. Its aim is to assist and maintain the management, operation, and decision making of the organization’s day to day procedures. The first level of an InformationRead MoreSample Resume : Warehouse Design And Management1006 Words   |  5 Pageswarehouses should be efficiently managed. Warehouse design and operations are the two aspects considered for the performance evaluation of warehouses. The first one refers to the constraints on layout, the storage equipment and the high-level strategic decisions on the total inventory of the facility. The second aspect addresses the warehousing operation activities, such as put away, replenishment and order picking. These two aspects significantly affects the performance of warehouses and have direct impact

Top 20 Indian Site Free Essays

Top 20 Indian Sites S. No Site DOB Type 1. Rediff. We will write a custom essay sample on Top 20 Indian Site or any similar topic only for you Order Now com 2/8/97 Portal 2. Indiatimes. com 22/12/96 Portal 3. Sify. com 6/10/98 Directory 4. Shaadi. com 30/7/96 Matrimony 5. Monsterindia. com 16/5/00 Jobs 6. IciciBank. com 16/7/96 Bank 7. Indiafm. com 15/6/98 Music 8. Sulekha. com 25/2/98 Society 9. Hindustantimes. com 14/8/96 News 10. MapsofIndia. com 14/9/98 Maps 11. Timesjobs. com 13/12/02 Jobs 12. Makemytrip. com 8/5/00 Travel 13. Expressindia. com 13/11/96 News 14. 123india. com 22/10/96 Search 15. Timesofindia. com 8/4/96 News 16. Wipro. com 8/12/92 Computer 17. Infosys. om 17/7/92 Computer 18. Tcs. com 25/11/97 Computers 19. Tata. com 15/10/96 business 20. Airindia. com List Of Top Companies Of India: Reliance Industries Limited This is the largest private sector conglomerate in India founded by Dhirubhai Amabani with an annual turnover of about US$ 35. 9. This Fortune Global 500 company have its businesses in materials and energy value chain. It enjoys the position of the global leadership and is also the largest producer of ya rn and fibre in the world. It ranks among the top ten producers across the globe in major petrochemical products. The primary subsidiaries of the company are Reliance Retail Limited and Reliance Petroleum Limited along with Reliance Industrial Infrastructure Limited. Oil Natural Gas Corporation This company is awarded as the Best Oil and Gas company in Asia. It is the lone contributor of about 84% India’s oil and gas. This company is not only among the leading Indian companies but also a leading company of oil and gas. The highest profit making corporate of India is ONGC. It has 77% share in the crude oil production of India. The company’s main activity is to explore,refine,produce,market and transport crude oil,natural gas etc. State Bank of India It is the largest Indian bank and one of the leading companies in India. It offers banking services through its wide network in India and overseas. With more than 16,000 branches it accounts for the largest bank branch network in India. It offers services like the Mobile Banking,Internet Banking, Demat Services,ATM Services,Corporate Banking,Merchant Banking,Agricultural Banking,online services like online educational loan,online SME loan and many others. Indian Oil Corporation It is a public sector Indian Petroleum company and also the largest commercial enterprise in India. This company ranks 116 on the list of the Fortune Global 500 list in the year 2008. It operates the widest and the largest network of fuel stations in India which is about 17,606. Auto LPG Dispensing Stations are started by the company and it helps reach Indane Cooking Gas to 47. 5 million households. The company’s products are diesel, petrol , Servo Lubricants etc. ICICI Bank The largest private sector bank in the sector of market capitalization in India is ICICI Bank and the second largest bank in assets. The wide network of the bank has 1,399 branches,49 regional processing centres,22 regional offices and more than 4,485 ATMs. It provides the banking services like Personal banking,Corporate Net Banking,NRI,Internet Banking,24-hr Customer Care and many other banking facilities. NTPC National Thermal Power Corporation Limited is the largest power company in India and has a capacity of 29894 MW with 7 gas based,15 coal based power stations and about four joint ventures. The company is the top among the Best Workplaces for Large Organizations. Two major units of the company is in Orissa. The core business of the company are construction,engineering and operation of power generating plants. Steel Authority of India Limited In India,one among the largest steel makers is Steel Authority of India Limited. The company has a turnover of about Rs. 45555 crore. The company also ranks higher among the top five largest profit earning Indian corporate. It is also the 16th largest producer of steel in the world. The website of the company gives all the required information about the Sales, Durgapur Steel Plant and other Plants and Units of the company. Tata Steel The company was initially known as TISCO and Tata Iron and Steel Company. It is the sixth largest Indian Steel company in the world. The crude capacity of the company is 28 million tones. It is also ranks second among the largest private sector steel companies in India. It had a profit of Rs 12,350 crore in the year 2008. The main plant is in Jharkhand, Jameshedpur. It has become multinational for its operations across the world. The registered office is in Mumbai. Bharti Airtel Bharti Enterprises’ flagship company is Bharti Airtel. It is the topmost company in the sector of telecom. The company is ranked as the one with best performance across the globe in 2007 by the Business Week Magazine. It is also the first provider of telephine service in the private sector and has carved the telecom sector path in India. The three business units of the company are Enterprise Services,Mobile services and Broadband and Telephone Services Reliance Communications The company offers services like the information and communication,infrastructure and services for individuals and enterprises,consulting and applications. The company consumers are in Reliance Landline, BroadNet, Rworld, Reliance Global call, Reliance IPTV,Wireless Phone,Mobile-CDMA,GSM etc. The company is a renowned name in the implementation and managing of entire telephony solution. 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Get Inside free essay sample

â€Å"Get Inside† is the follow-up to Johnny A.s â€Å"Sometime Tuesday Morning† off Steve Vais Favored Nations label. For those unfamiliar with Johnny A., imagine blues/rock guitarist Jimi Hendrix, jazz guitarist Wes Montgomery, and country guitarist Chet Atkins combined into one jaw-dropping guitarist. If you are a fan, you will be glad to hear that this new release is even more breathtaking than the first. You will hear classics like Hendrixs â€Å"The Wind Cries Mary,† and new masterpieces including Johnny As original title track. Johnnys ability to kick off the album with the jazzy tune â€Å"Hip Bone† and dive into the completely different genre of country (â€Å"I Had to Laugh†) makes this album a lot of fun. There are improvements in sound from the first; Johnny is back from the Gibson Custom Shop and now sports a flashy new guitar to complement his songs, which makes his tone even better and his music more addictive. We will write a custom essay sample on Get Inside or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Johnny A. has even changed his playing style here, taking a few steps away from his main influences. Instead of listening and saying, â€Å"This sounds like Jimi† or â€Å"This sounds like Chet,† listeners will now say, â€Å"This sounds like Johnny A.† All in all, this is an amazing instrumental album with enough drum and bass to entertain but not distract while Johnny takes you away with a style so grand not many can compare to it.

Samwise Gamgee Essays - Forest Ecology, Rainforest, Tree, Canopy

Samwise Gamgee What exactly is a rain forest, you say? Well, on the outside, a rain forest has a wall averaging 20 feet thick that is made of a tangle of vines that love light. This wall seals off the interior creating the illusion that the whole jungle is this thick. But if you find an animal path or stream to follow, you can slip through and enter this mysterious world. Once you're inside, you can look up and see a tree canopy that's as high as a 17 story building! And it's pretty dark too, a perpetual twilight. Only 1% of the sunlight ever actually touches the floor of the forest. And moonlight, even a full moon, doesn't get through at all. You'd better have a flashlight with you if you plan on reading any comics. Rain forests have different layers that support different animals and insects. Some plants and animals occupy specific layers, while others live and feed wherever they can. I live in the lower canopy of the South American rain forest because a lot of the fruit I like to eat is found there. The tallest trees in the canopy layer grow up to 200 feet high. Some of the trees that poke through (called the "emergents") have been known to grow as high as 270 feet. It is not uncommon for the expansive umbrella crown of an emergent tree to cover an entire acre. Now there's a good spot for a treehouse. Many types of indigenous people live in rain forests. The environment is perfect for tribes of hunter-gatherers. Local materials are used to make their blow guns, spears, and arrows. The forest also provides building and roofing materials, wild cotton for clothing, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, and more. In fact, just about every need can be met by the rain forest. For these people, the rain forest is like living in a gigantic mall. Amazonian deep-forest Yanomamo are a group of forest people that can literally run up heavy trunked emergent trees (over 200 feet) without breaking a sweat. It's because of their remarkably wide feet, which also have advantages running around the muddy rain forest floors. The Pygmies are a tribe of honey gatherers that rely almost exclusively on the help of a bird called the Greater Honeyguide to direct them to the beehives. This little bird leads the Pygmies with its rasping, churring chatter and its white outer tail feathers to point out the proper tree. The bird lives on beeswax, so after the Pygmies climb the tree with a bundle of smoking leaves to put the bees to sleep, they take the honey and leave the beeswax behind as a reward for the bird. Here you'll find bats with wingspans up to 5.5 feet, moths with wingspans of 12 inches, frogs so big they could eat rats, and rats themselves weighing up to 100 pounds. Let's take a closer look at just a few of the interesting animals and insects that live in the rain forrest. Piranha, The piranha is a small fish that is activated into a feeding frenzy by the smell of blood. Their teeth are so sharp that they can strip a 100 pound animal to the bone in a minute. No telling what they could do to a person unlucky enough to go for a swim at the wrong time! Large electric eels live in tropical rivers. Their bodies can generate enough electricity to knock a person senseless and, in some cases, can cause drowning. "Shocking" ... but true. Anacondas can even swallow a crocodile. The anaconda is a water boa and it is the largest snake in the world at 37.5 feet long and weighing over 500 pounds. They've been known to eat people now and then, although they don't make a regular diet of humans. Boa, oh boa that's a lotta snake! In every rain forest there are many kinds of plants. Many, many, many kinds of plants. In fact, inside a single hectare (2.47 acres) you can find up to 750 types of trees and 1,500 types of plants! But this entire range of species can easily be broken down into four categories, grouped by how they

Community College ESL Placement Test Essay - How to Write an Essay on a Subject Youre Familiar With

Community College ESL Placement Test Essay - How to Write an Essay on a Subject You're Familiar WithMost community colleges offer a placement test that helps students gain an awareness of the subjects they may need to work on in their ESL classes. These tests are helpful, but if you want to increase your scores, you can take the time to consider a sample topic and write an essay on that subject instead.The community college test is easy to get and, more importantly, takes less than an hour to complete. An exam to be on a test gives you one or two questions to answer, typically on a multiple-choice format. Before the test, you already know the kinds of issues that concern you in the ESL environment.You should choose a question that you can easily relate to. It doesn't have to be a difficult question; it could be something that requires general knowledge of your home country or your current school. You may even ask what kind of issues may arise in the future. Regardless of what you cho ose to cover, you need to know where you stand in terms of knowledge so that you can work on it.Having this knowledge before you even sit for the community college placement test will help you prepare for your writing skills. By knowing what you're likely to find on the test, you can set the tone of your essay for the most part.Some students will take this test simply to satisfy a long term need for knowledge. Others will take it to see if they'll need to take ESL classes and take the opportunity to review their topics in greater detail. Even the one or two students who choose to take the test just for fun will get some benefit from the knowledge.When you take the test essay, you need to be prepared. If you aren't familiar with a certain topic, read about it before you write. This allows you to choose a question that has some relation to your interests and introduces your topic better than one that you're not familiar with.There are free online resources that you can use to get the information you need. Look through some of the online forums on ESL education to get an idea of the topics that interest you. Once you're familiar with the theme of the test, you'll be able to discuss it without feeling self-conscious.If you write your essay on a topic that you're already familiar with, you'll be able to spend more time on other aspects of the essay that you're more likely to enjoy. In addition, by completing the test essay with an understanding of the subject, you'll find it easier to answer the questions that you need to.

Special Effects On Action Movie Making essays

Special Effects On Action Movie Making essays Cinematography began in the early 1800s with a simple Phenakistoscope and has evolved into its present day state of computerized generation (DeAngelis, 11). Since the 1500s, people have been trying to transform light into fixed images (8). In the early 1800s, there was a problem that innovators had about recording a wet emulsion onto a piece of glass, until Joseph Nicphore Niepce in 1826 took the first known photograph in history(8). What we know as pictures became motion in 1832, when Joseph Antoine invented a Phenakistoscope (11). It consisted of a cardboard disk, mounted on a spindle (11). On the disk was a series of sixteen drawings, each depicting a different phase of an object in motion (11). The disk also had sixteen slots around its edge. When a viewer held the device before a mirror, spun the disk, and looked through the slots, persistence of vision caused the drawings reflected in the mirror to look as if they were moving (11). A similar device that became apart of home entertainment was the Zoetrope, invented in 1834 by William George Horner (11). This was a cylinder with vertical slots which were lined up on the ins ide with a sequence of drawings on a long strip of paper (11). When the viewer spun the cylinder and looked through the slots, the pictures seemed to move (11). The Zoetrope had several advantages over the Phenakistoscope. It could be viewed by several people at one time, the cylinder rotated longer and more evenly than the disk did, and the paper strips were easier and cheaper to produce (11). The first demonstration of motion pictures took place in Paris on December 28, 1895 before a closed caption audience of about thirty-five people (39). Over the next century, motion pictures became apart of modern society. By June of 1896, there were cinemas as they became known in Berlin, Brussels, London, and New York, as well as in Paris and Lyon (41). In the following weeks, th...

Research Papers Proposal

Research Papers Proposal Research Papers Proposal Research Paper ProposalA research paper proposal is a paper that briefly outlines the most essential issues of your research. A research paper proposal is handed to the defense committee in order for them to estimate the level of your preparation for research. If you get approval from them, you may start research and writing your research paper itself. If you need help writing a research paper or do not know how to write a research paper, you should contact us for professional research paper writing service! We deliver " research paper no plagiarism"!For a novice at conducting independent research, a research paper proposal may seem rather a complicated assignment. Still, with a bit of practice, efforts, and our guide a research paper proposal will be much easy to produce. So, follow the guidelines below.1. Decide on the topicChoosing a research paper topic is one of the most serious and important first steps to making a research paper proposal. You have to think over several fac tors influencing your decision as for the topic: the needs of research community, your personal preferences, and supervisors recommendations.2. Explore the historical context of the topic under considerationFind out who else investigated the similar problems in their works and what their approaches to it were.3. Formulate the objectives of your researchIt is very important for you to see the purpose you have to aim at. It will help you rally your thoughts together and get ready for the work.4. Make the introductory part for your research paper proposalThe introductory part of a research paper proposal usually introduces the problem under consideration. Here, tell what you are going to investigate, what results you suppose to obtain, and how you are going to achieve your purposes.5. Make up a literature reviewA literature review is another compulsory part of a research paper proposal. A review of literature is not only enumeration of existing works devoted to a certain problem. It is a deep analysis of these works presented in a form of logically connected standpoints on your research paper topic. 6. Inform on the research methods you are going to useMethodology is the last main part of a research paper proposal. Here, you have to present the methods chosen for doing research and explain your choice. In this part of your research paper proposal, explain why these methods are applicable and effective in relation to your research topic. How do you think they might help you?If you follow the guidelines presented above, you are sure to create a well-structured research paper proposal and get approval from the committee. If you are looking for research paper example, surf our free blog for numerous research proposals written from scratch!

Take home 3 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Take home 3 - Essay Example Its disadvantage is that it is slow and unstable and exposes vital organs to danger. In this way, the speeds attained by those species with bipedal abilities are far below those attained by the species that essentially use all limbs. Ostriches are among the fastest of bipeds even though their speeds do not compare well with those for quadrupeds.Bipedalism evolved due to the need to to free the hands for using tools as man and other animals evolved. B) When closely studied, the fossils of both Australopithecus anamensis and Australopithecus afarensis show that they were bipedal. In those records, all evidence in their knees, hips and foot morphology points to their having been bipedal.When compared to a modern human foot, the footprints called Laetoli Tracks in Tanzania point to a non-opposable hallux and an arch similar to that of a human being. Another piece of evidence displayed is that of the 7 Ma cranium which has an inferior placement of the foramen magnum which suggested that it was bipedal. The tibia of these species also had right angles between the shaft and the proximal surface which are evidence of bipedalism. These earlier hominids, though, are said to have been in the early stages of bipedalism given that further evidence has pointed to their using all four limbs especially for movement. 2.A) a) Orrorintugenensiswas discovered in Tugen Hills in Kenya in 2000. It is estimated to be between 5.7 to 6.1 million years old. Orrorin was bipedal given that its lesser trochanter protruded medially. From the evidence gathered about this hominid, its primary diet must have consisted of leaves and other forms of vegetation. b) Sahelanthropustchadensiswas discovered in 2001 in the Djurab Desert of Chad and was estimated to be about 7 million years. It was bipedal given that the shape of the anteriorly placed foramen magnum bore signs of bipedalism. More evidence points to it having

Impacts of technology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Impacts of technology - Essay Example The greatest impact of technology can be experienced in the way we communicate. The rise of social networking sites such as Facebook, MySpace, Twitter, and video blogging sites such as YouTube etc., has made it possible for merging of cultures beyond people from across various continents and enabled a valuable and meaningful exchange of information. It has played a key role in promoting cultural tolerance and greater political participation, empowering the citizens in the process. However despite the varied benefits offered by the information, entertainment and communication technologies, the perils of excessive dependence on such technologies are manifold. One of the greatest challenges faced by users in the digital world includes privacy issues and identity theft. Violation of privacy has been one of the most significant enduring social issues associated with digital and electronic information technologies, globally. The article ‘Is online social club, sharing is the point until it goes too far the authors have highlighted the downside of social networking sites, mostly surrounding privacy issues, mirroring the sentiments of millions of people of this virtual lounge, who feel threatened and vulnerable due to constant threats of being stalked and misuse of their private information (The Washington Post). The key goal of social networking sites is to enable sharing of information and free and faster exchange of information across countries. The paradox however lies in the fact that contrary to the intended benefits of the social media there are increasing reports stating the contrary. The article â€Å"Does the Internet make as lonely?† discusses the potential effects of internet and technology on the society and the manner in which it has managed to alienate people. Social scientists have indicated a drastic rise in reports stating that as more and more

Venezuela Culture Facts And History History Essay

Venezuela Culture Facts And History History Essay Venezuelas culture has been molded by the Spanish colonialists that ruled the country for almost four centuries. Before and during the Spanish conquest, the indigenous people had little influence on the development of the nation since they were scattered tribes with no political or social presence. Along with order and organization, the Spanish also brought Christianity to the South American continent and as a result, Venezuela has one of the largest Christian populations within its borders. Thus, most of the nations customs and traditions have been derived from medieval Christian practices and depict the influence of the Orthodox Catholic Church. However, the most popular image associated with Venezuelan culture is that of the Ilanero or the South American Cowboy. The entire tradition arose from the animal breeder and cattle wranglers that made the fertile grasslands of the Ilanos their home. The national dance of Venezuela i.e. the Joropo as well as the components of Venezuelan ins trumental music such as the maraca and the quartro are all derived from the Ilanero tradition. Writing has become a feature of Venezuelan culture since the post-independence period of the nineteenth century. Literary masters such as Simon Rodriguez and Andres Bello were the first to make their mark on Venezuelas literary scene. Simon Bolivar, the liberator of the nation and hero of the Independence struggle, also wrote nationalistic works during this period. Also emerging at the later end of the 19th century was the well-known writer and translator Juan Antonio PÃ ©rez Bonalde. His ties with the Free Masons made him the subject of a tremendous amount of speculation but his works have survived through it all. Venezuelan art was given a leg-up by the popularity of Venezuelan writing and sculptors such as Marisol (Escobar) and Rafael Soto made their presence felt internationally. VENEZUELA FACTS South American nations are steeped in a rich history of people and civilization, dating back thousands of years. This region also has some of the worlds plushest and most diverse natural resources and about ninety percent of all know plant and animal species are found here. However, with respect to human and economic development, South America lags behind and a large percentage of the population live without basic amenities. One of the exceptions to this situation is the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela, which has prospered due to its oils reserves and whose natural beauty has earned it the sobriquet Land of Grace Venezuela became an independent nation in 1830 and today is a thriving federal republic. It has had a history of militarism, but rarely has the country seen an utterly violent phase of existence. The nation is comprised of over twenty five million people from various ethnic backgrounds. Like much of South America, Venezuela was also under the rule of the Spanish conquistadors for much of the medieval period of history. Consequently, the country is mainly Roman Catholic and its culture arises out of traditions inspired by its Spanish past. Given the general character of South American nations, most people are surprised by Venezuelas near perfect rate of literacy and the moderation with which the nation is governed. The nation is divided in to 23 states, called estados in addition to the capital district of Caracas. Although its relations with the United States are a little tainted, Americans traveling to Venezuela rarely have to put up with any angst on political issues. Venezuela is generally divided in to four geographic zones as per its major land features. These are the northwestern Andean mountain terrain, the coastal Caribbean and Pacific Ocean region, the central grass plains or Llanos and the Guyana highlands in the south. The climate of Venezuela is largely tropical, very mild in the highlands and hot in the plains. South Americas largest lake i.e. Lake Maracaibo and the worlds highest waterfalls the Angel Falls are located in Venezuela. The country is facing environmental degradation largely due to the irresponsible nature of mining in the forests. The government however has identified the problem and actions are being taken to correct the natural balance. VENEZUELA HOLIDAYS The nation of Venezuela has a rich and varied past, although much of it was erased by the Spanish conquest. The nation today is fast developing power in the global economy, with an abundance of resources and an immaculate but judicious military background to back it up. The nation was one of the first to experience the missionary services of clerics who migrated from Europe to preach the Word to the new world. Most of the population, nearly ninety-six percent, is Roman Catholic, with Protestants and indigenous religions making up the remaining bit. As a result, most of the holidays are Christian celebrations that fall in common with all such holidays the world over. Such as most other nations, Venezuela follows the Gregorian calendar, where the year begins on the January, the first, marking the first holiday of the year. This is followed by a festival commemorating the visit of the three Magi to Jesus Christ on the Day of Epiphany on the 6th of January. The next Christian holidays fall on the days of Ash Wednesday, Palm Sunday and Easter. St Joseph, the husband of the Virgin Mary is commemorated on the 19th of March whereas the Mother, herself is praised on the day of the Immaculate Conception, held on the 8th of December. In between the two holiday s lies All Saints Day, celebrated on the first day of November. Such as the accepted norm, Christmas Eve and Christmas Day are celebrated on the 24th and 25th of December, whereas the 31st is observed as the last day of the Civil Year. The remaining holidays of Venezuela are centered around its freedom struggle, that lasted from 1810 to 1830. Many famous and decisive battles as well as the birth anniversaries of the leaders of the freedom struggle are commemorated in the form of national holidays. The first among them is April 19th, which marks the beginning of the struggle. The Day of the Liberator or the birth anniversary of Simon Bolivar, who was personally responsible for freeing much of South America from the Spaniards, is one of the most important days for all Venezuelans. It is celebrated on the 24th of July whereas the Venezuelan Independence Day is on the 5th of July. VENEZUELA PEOPLE The people, and not the forests, rivers and mountains, make up a nation. Without knowing the people, no one can claim any knowledge about any place, because the essence of that knowledge lies in the people that inhabit the place. The real way to understand the people of a region is to interact and communicate with them, one-on-one, even if it is for just a little while. However, many prefer studying the demographic as a statistic rather than getting to know individuals on a personal level. Travel will always amount to little if it escapes an introduction to the people of the land. Venezuela is a prosperous nation on the northern edge of South America with a population of nearly twenty five million people. Most of the people have ancestral connections to the indigenous populations of South American which were the basis of the Mayan and Incan civilizations. The second major ethnic group is of the people with European descent, whose roots are thee people who entered the land of Venezuela along with the Spanish conquistadors and remained as residents. This group sees a vast variety of people, who were originally citizens of Spain, Portugal, Italy and Germany. Another large majority of people descend form the African laborers who were brought to Venezuela by the Spanish as slaves and later formed settlements of their own. A small percentage of the population is formed by migratory Arabs, Central Americans and Asians. Venezuela is a largely Catholic community and thus the customs of the land are largely dictated by the religion, although the region is hardly orthodox in its outlook. The official language, spoken by nearly the entire population is Spanish, but a large number of dialects are prevalent in different regions. People between the ages of fifteen and sixty form the largest art of the demographic and thus the nation has a largely young and vibrant atmosphere. Also, more than ninety percent of the population is qualified as educated due to which the prevalence of diseases such as AIDS has been checked in Venezuela. Venezuela is also one of the few Latin American countries with a nearly even male/female sex ratio. VENEZUELA HISTORY We are not makers of history. We are made by it Martin Luther King Jr. To learn where we are going, it is very necessary to see where we came from. History, even if it just a mingling of romance and imagination at times, is of paramount importance if humanity is to be prevented from repeating its past and ruining its future. Most of South American history speaks of destruction of the land and the people at the hand of colonial powers. Venezuela, like any other nation was not spared its due when the great butchers of Europe came to proclaim the virgin land ad their own. In the classical period, that is the earliest known period of human habitation in Venezuela, the country was home to nomadic tribes of people. These tribes were not nearly as civilized and urbanized those of the Egyptian kingdoms or even those of the other Mesoamerican civilizations. The three main groups of people were the Arawak, the Carib and the most advanced amongst them, the Chibcha. The Chibcha were credited with creating a highly organized agricultural system, complete with terrace farming on the slopes of the Andes and use of irrigation canals. Unlike the Mayan cities and the Aztec pyramids that dot the remaining sites of ancient civilization in South America, Venezuelan people have left no such wonders for generations to gaze up on. The modern phase of Venezuelan history begins in 1498, when the renowned explorer Christopher Columbus set foot on the mainland of what is now South America. Other explorers such as Alonso de Ojeda, soon followed and discovered that the land was virtually flawless and unlimited in natural beauty. The locals had come up with ingenious methods to construct on top of water along the edges of Lake Maracaibo by using stilts. The houses raised on stile were called palafitos and they resembled dwellings in Venice and thus, the area was named Venezuela or little Venice. As modern methods of surveying had not been established, Venezuela was not marked out as a mineral-rich territory. Consequently it was spared the pillaging that the remainder of the land, rich is gold, was forced to endure. It was chalked out a poor and unimportant nation and shocked the world after its independence when massive oil reserves were discovered on its soil. Customs and tradition are written by the hands of the past and become engraved in the lives of the people. Customs define the land and all those that live on it. They give humans something to cling on to when they are on foreign soil, lonely and bereft, they give hope in the time of the greatest ostrasization. Venezuela is a land of immense natural beauty and national pride. Both of these are amply evident in the way the people live, eat and celebrate. Most Venezuelan customs can be traced back to the nations colonial past under the Spanish. The reason that native influences are missing from these traditions is that that no native organized civilization existed in Venezuela before the Spanish entered the scene. Of course indigenous people were present, but their dissipated culture was hardly responsible for shaping Venezuela, as it is known today. The most significant custom of Venezuela is the national dance the Joropo. It is essentially Spanish in its feel, resembling the Samba and Salsa in many ways. Joropo is meant for couples and has a few basic steps, which are varied in numerous ways to create a sequence. A large majority of Venezuelas population is Catholic and the nation constitutes some of the most vibrant and colorful customs known in the Christian world. Foremost among them is the rhythmic Red Devils of Yare dance, which is performed to celebrate the symbolic victory of good over evil on Corpus Christi day. The dance involves people dressed as the Gods angels who fight those costumed as the Devils demons and usually lasts all day. Initially the angels look like they are going to loose the battle, but at the end of the day, virtue triumphs. Christmas traditions are also marvelous in Venezuela, with celebration beginning as early as the 16th of December. The nativity scene is put up in most households and the churches display elaborate scenes from the bible. On Christmas morning, when the children awake to find presents under the Christmas Tree, they are told that the Infant Jesus and not Santa Claus has left them these things.