Exploring a qualitative research problem Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Exploring a qualitative research problem - Essay Example A quantitative research method would use cause and effect thinking or would employ reduction of specific variables, hypothesis and questions. This paper will analyze three journals that have been written to discuss the obesity case and will look at the author’s framework of the problem, their purpose of the study and their rationale towards selection of the qualitative method. Ferda from the economics department in the Yeditebe University executed a research on the issue of obesity in Finland (Ferda, 2013). The research was aimed at finding out the causes of obesity in Finland that had become a national concern since every for every five people in the country two people were obese. The purpose of the research was to study the dynamics of obesity in Finland and provide evidence on how temporal obesity relates with health expenditure of the country and of individual persons (Ferda, 2013). The research also examined how unemployment was related to obesity since most of the unemployed people in the country were obese. Ferda also wanted to find out if urbanization had an impact or the rising cases of obese people living in urban centre in Finland. The research also was aimed at investigating how alcohol consumption and intake of calories, that were popular practices in Finland, led to obesity (Ferda, 2013). The researcher selected the qualitative method since the causes of obesity lied within the people and the best source of information was from the people themselves through simple methods such as interviews. The research also used testing and augmented causality tests to provide information on the possible causes of obesity on randomly selected people. According to my opinion, cases of obesity do not occur naturally since they are caused by the behavior of the person in terms of their food and beverage consumption. The qualitative research approach that the user used by

Critical Response Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Critical Response - Research Paper Example The two stories intricately crisscross each other and in a way assume a form and life of their own as they gradually unravel. Dunye’s film primarily comes out as a complex yet somewhat enticing insight into the American history, delving on the relevance of cultural icons and issues pertaining to cultural representation. However, the film sometimes confuses the audience going by the fact that it has a lot going on in it at the same time, thereby making the plot a little complicated with haphazardly placed setting of the events, their order and duration, and the exact relationship between them. Still, Dunye has been able to manipulate the link between the plot and the story to facilitate a sense of drama. To a great extent the story relies on stereotypical contrasts and comparisons like the differences between regular, curious and evolving character of the young black lesbian Cheryl and Tamara, her particularly stereotypical, hardliner and close minded friend. The one big weakne ss in the film is that it predominantly intends to intrigue through the ingenuity of the exploitation of documentary techniques. May be it is owing to this that some audience may find themselves disappointed by the disparity and lack of correlation between the form and the content. What the forms in the movie Watermelon Woman seem to offer, the content sadly falls short of it. One special thing about the larger theme of the movie is that it has definitely succeeded in emphasizing the emotional relevance and value of cinema. However, the coy romance engaged in by Cheryl, and the wacky shots that she is continually subjected to, to a large extent dilute the overall impact of the movie, making it conveniently ingratiating for an audience with regular expectations, without being able to score the incumbent and associated political comments. Though, the prime focus of the director seems to be to resuscitate a part of the African American history that conveniently got sidelined in the flo w of time, which is the Black sexual history, the film badly falls short of achieving this objective in a forceful way. However, Dunye has managed to succeed in securing varied salient objectives that attend the feature films associated with the like subjects and themes. In her own peculiar way Dunye has been able to write a history that earlier never existed. In that context, the film Watermelon Women is securely grounded in the historiographical facts and realities of the Black people and especially the black women of the last century. For instance, Cheryl’s quest for the ‘Watermelon Woman’, engages her in interesting and thought provoking interviews with many people who happened to be the fundamental part and parcel of the Black Club culture during the interwar days. While delving on the film in a serious and analytical manner, one simply cannot help identifying the personal stake that the director has in the movie. The Watermelon Woman throughout hovers aroun d an essential black lesbian identity. However, it does so by stimulating the viewers to correlate and identify the connections between the stories of a black American actress from the bygone era, who managed to accrue fame through a range

Analysis of the Oil and Gas Industries

Analysis of the Oil and Gas Industries CHAPTER 1 Introduction EYs OG Business Today As at 2008, global OG revenues are approximately $850m per annum and are forecast to remain relatively static over the next few years. Within that our OCA and GP account revenues which are predominately IOC driven are declining significantly whilst our core and SGM revenues are growing healthily. However, our revenue from NOCs is less than 10%. Our global client portfolio of OCAs and GPs reflects the industry dynamics of five years ago and needs to be significantly realigned to reflect the dynamics of today. Our service portfolio provides a solid foundation but considerable scope exists to provide more industry content-rich specific services to our clients and to develop new services and extend others to support new trends in the global oil industry. Currently our main people capability to support the oil industry lies in Western Europe and North America with smaller pockets in areas such as the Middle East, Russia and Australia. It is clear that our capability to develop new business and deliver the resulting OG services needs to be significantly enhanced in the newly emerged economies. Worryingly this lack of strength and depth in our oil industry service capability in the newly emerged economies is leaving the firm exposed to potentially significant service failures, subsequent client loss and litigation. Fundamental change in the Oil and Gas industry The Oil and Gas industry came into being in the late 1800s and over the last century has seen several structural changes and important transformations. One of most important of these changes took place in the early part of the 20th century and was the breakup of Standard Oil in the U.S. which led to the growth of large, globalized â€Å"oil majors† which had headquarters all over the world. The ever changing and evolving business environment has led to increasing amount of consolidation and merger activity in recent decades giving rise to a handful of supermajors. There has been widespread nationalization of oil assets, primarily in Arab nations, former communist countries and also developing economies. This process of nationalization has led to the creation of a new breed of National Oil Companies (NOCs) that in many cases have grown to become far larger than the largest of their private sector counterparts. Modern economies are driven by oil and gas and issues relating to the industry have become of increasing importance for all nations. The Oil Gas Industry is undergoing its most fundamental change since its formation in the first half of the 20th century, with a major shift in power from the International Oil Companies (IOCs) such as Exxon Mobil, Shell and BP to the National Oil Companies (NOCs) such as Saudi Aramco, Petro China and Gazprom. Only a decade ago the IOCs had access to and led the development of the vast majority of the worlds Oil Gas resources. Today the market landscape has seen dramatic changes and it is the NOCs which now own over 85% of the worlds remaining reserves and are becoming increasingly determined to lead the exploitation themselves. Five years ago it would have been unthinkable that one of the top three IOCs could be taken over by a NOC or a Sovereign Wealth Fund but that has all changed now as anything is possible in the current market. Mature and developed NOCs like Petronas have built up significant capabilities and other NOCs like Sinopec and Petrochina are following in their footsteps. IOCs are now redrawing their old strategies and are looking to partner with NOCs for large projects. There is ever increasing competition for the limited resources available and the uncertain and unstable nature of crude oil prices coupled with the global credit crunch have put immense pressure on companies in the industry to control project costs and operating risks. There is a rapid increase in energy demand from China, India and non-OECD Asia Pacific region. With maturing oil reserves, exploration and production activities have increased in Middle East, Brazil, Australia, Russia, West Africa and Canada. Major players scouting for reserves for ensuring sustainable future supply. Downstream margins are declining because of high competition. There has been renewed focus on Green Energy and increased efforts in exploring alternative energy sources. Increasing pressure on oil and gas companies to use better technologies and invest in cleaner technologies. Major private equity players taking bets on companies operating in clean energy area. Major risks in Oil and Gas Industry RISK RADAR Risks Access to reserves: political constraints and competition for proven reserves Price volatility Uncertain energy policy Cost containment Human Capital Deficit Aging oil and gas infrastructure Supply shocks Overlapping service offerings for international oil companies and oil field service companies Climate and environmental concerns Immense Opportunity for EY This fundamental change presents our global firm with an immense opportunity to present new global and regional service campaigns to attract new clients and also strengthen and solidify relationships with existing clients. The IOCs will continue to restructure and consolidate operations to reduce costs to increase their profitability, in an era when it will be increasingly difficult to increase their top line growth, other than by market driven oil price rises. The NOCs will be growing rapidly both organically and by acquisition, internationalising their businesses and establishing new global operating models, as indeed will the larger oil field service companies. Undoubtedly the individual IOCs, NOCs and Service Companies will need significant advisory and assurance support. This will play to the full range of our traditional EY services as well as creating opportunities to develop new EY services to support their drive into emerging areas such as clean technologies, carbon capture and trading, LNG and climate change. However, these EY services will need to be sold and delivered in the recently emerged and increasingly important economies in the CIS, Middle East, Africa, India, Far East and Latin America as well as EYs traditional OG geographies of Europe and North America. Asia- Pacific Oil and Gas Sector The oil gas market consists of the activities of exploration, development, production, refining, storage, transportation and marketing of oil gas. It is being projected that oil and gas will be the primary source of energy to meet demands for economic growth in the foreseeable future. Even though there has been significant progress in the renewable energy space their role will be limited for next 25-30 years. The Asia-Pacific oil gas market generated total revenues of $922.9 billion in 2008, representing a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 26.8% for the period spanning 2004-2008. In comparison, the Chinese and Japanese markets grew with CAGRs of 36.8% and 26.7%, respectively, over the same period, to reach respective values of $314.7 billion and $270 billion in 2008.The performance of the market is forecast to decelerate, with an anticipated CAGR of 1.6% for the five-year period 2008-2013, which is expected to drive the market to a value of $998.5 billion by the end of 2013. Crude oil sales proved the most lucrative for the Asia-Pacific oil and gas market, generating 88.1% of the total revenues. In comparison, sales of natural gas account for the remaining 11.9% of the markets revenue. China accounts for 34.1% of the Asia-Pacific oil and gas markets value. In comparison, Japan accounts for a further 29.3% of the markets revenue. China The Chinese oil and gas industry has displayed dramatic growth in recent years and even though a slight decline is anticipated due to the global recession the market is expected to bounce back quickly and return to solid growth s. Latest forecasts from BMI suggest that china will account 32.3% of Asia/Pacific regional oil demand by 2010, while also providing 46% of total supply. Regional oil demand in the region is expected to grow from 25.36 million barrels per day in 2007 to 27.34 million barrels per day in 2010. The oil and gas industry in China remains primarily under state control and is only privatised to a small extent. CNOOC, PetroChina and Sinopec are the main players in the industry and are responsible for most of the domestic production. The oil and gas sector in China generated total revenues USD$ 314.7 billion in 2008 representing a CAGR of 36.8% for the period 2004-2008. Crude oil sales have been the biggest revenue generator for the Chinese oil and gas market in 2008 generating total revenues of USD$ 299.9 billion and representing 95.3% of the overall market value. Natural gas sales generated USD$ 14.8 billion in revenues for the same period accounting for 4.7% of the market. The market is expected to be at a value of about USD$ 352.7 billion by 2013 at a CAGR of 2.3% due to the deceleration expected in the industry and overall economy. Chinese oil consumption is expected to grow by 28% from 2006 to 2011 which will equal around 9.39 million barrels per day by 2011. This increase in demand will be driven by economic growth of about 10% per year which will result in China becoming the largest single driver of growth in oil consumption during the next decade. The domestic production of around 3.54 million barrels per day will leave a gap of 5.85 million barrels per day which will have to be filled by domestic companies expanding production or through increasing imports. This provides significant opportunities for oil and gas players to make investments to expand production through organic or inorganic growth routes. Chinas dependency on oil imports currently stands at around 50% making it the worlds second largest importer of oil after the US and followed by Japan. The market for processing is controlled by a few state owned enterprises with Sinopec holding a 60% share of total crude distillation capacity and PetroChina holding about 38%. Even though the natural gas market constitutes only 3% of the total energy mix, it is seeing rapid development due to increases in demand from the chemicals industry and household needs for heating and cooking fuel. In June 2006 China took steps to develop its natural gas sector by becoming a natural gas importer for the first time with the opening of the Guangdong liquefied natural gas (LNG) import terminal, which is supplied mainly from Australia. Natural gas imports are expected to grow in the future with other LNG import terminals and pipelines being planned that would connect major demand areas in China to suppliers in Russia and Central Asia. South Korea The oil and gas industry in South Korea grew by 26.8% in 2008 to reach a value of USD$ 115.8 billion. The market is expected to grow at a CAGR of 5.6% to reach a value of USD$ 112.3 billion by 2013. Crude oil sales generated the maximum revenues for the industry with about 85.3% of total revenues. Natural gas sales accounted for 14.5% of total market revenues generating total revenues of USD$ 16.8 billion. The South Korean market accounts for about 12.6% of the Asia-Pacific oil and gas industry. The global slowdown is expected to slow down the growth of the sector to an anticipated CAGR of 1.1% for the period 2008-2013 to value of USD$ 122.3 billion. Market consumption in the region increased with a CAGR of 1.8% for the period 2004-2008 to reach 1 billion barrels of oil equivalent (BOE) in 2008. This volume is expected to grow at a CAGR of 1.2% for the period 2008-2013 to reach 1.1 billion BOE. South Korea has no oil reserves and its entire oil requirement must be fulfilled through imports. Oil makes up most of the total energy consumption and though this proportion has been declining in recent years. South Korea consumes about 2.72% of the worlds oil and is the fifth largest net importer of oil in the world. South Korea has a refinery capacity of about 2667.6 thousand barrels per day which constitutes 3.03% of the world total. South Korea is also the worlds second largest importer of natural gas after Japan. The consumption of natural gas in 2008 was 36.97 billion cubic meters which is about 1.26% of the world total. The Korean Gas Corporation (KOGAS) is the only importer and distributor of natural gas in the country and also the largest purchaser of LNG in the world. Some of the largest oil companies in South Korea are the Hyundai Oil Bank, SK Corporation and S-Oil Refinery. The S-Oil Corporation is planning to spend $1.2 billion on the expansion of its Onsan Refinery. Most Korean refineries have problems of over capacity and low operating rates. The expansion will be completed by 2011. The Korean National Oil Corporation is planning to acquire five to ten midsized foreign oil companies. The targets have already been identified and the due diligence process is set to begin soon. South Korea is targeting energy self sufficiency of 30% by 2016 which stood at 5.7% in 2008 and 7.4% in 2009. The government also plans to spend $5.4 billion over the next 14 years to expand the gas distribution network and storage capabilities of the country. Philippines There is very limited domestic oil production in the country and the existing production began in the 70s. The period from 1996 to 2000 saw absolutely no oil production in the country. It is one of the few oil producing countries of the world that has seen a decrease in oil consumption over the last decade. Philippines oil demand will constitute 1.12% of total oil demand in the Asia-Pacific region and also contribute 0.77% of total supply. It is expected that oil production in the country will reach its peak at around 70000 barrels per day in 2013 and will then see a decline of 14.24% to reach 51000 barrels per day in 2019. Consumption of oil is expected to grow by 31.78% from 2009 to 2019 with the first 5 years seeing a 3% per annum growth, taking the demand at the end of 2014 to around 325000 barrels per day. This would leave an import requirement of around 258000 barrels per day in 2014. The second five years from 2014 to 2019 will see a decrease in consumption growth to 2% per annum taking the demand at the end of 2019 to 369000 barrels per day. The gas production capabilities will also increase from 3.4 billion cubic metres in 2009 to 8 billion cubic metres and gas demand is being forecast to grow by 164.71% during the same period making the import requirement around 1 billion cubic metres. The recent development of offshore oil deposits has led to an increase in production to 23,000 barrels per day. The country has about 3.48 trillion cubic feet of natural gas reserves which are mostly found at the Malaympaya gas field. There are two oil refining facilities at Petron Corp.s plants in Limay and Bataan and also at Shells Tabango refinery with a capacity of about 282,000 barrels per day. The country is planning a major divestment in the upstream arm of Philippine National Oil Company in order to finance the countrys budget deficit. The government of Philippines is planning to raise around $300-$320 million from the sale of 60% stake in the PNOC Exploration Corporation. Exxon Mobil is also planning an investment of around $100 million for exploration in south western Philippines in the Sandakan Basin of the Sulu Sea. Major companies of the region include: * Philippine National Oil Company * Petron Corp. * Shell Philippines Taiwan The island of Taiwan is densely populated and not abundant in natural resources. Taiwan is heavily dependent on imports and about 97% of its total energy requirements are fulfilled through imports. Oil and gas therefore play an important role in economic development and have been a major source of modernization and development of the country. The country will make up 3.93% of total oil demand from the Asia-Pacific region and will not have any significant contribution to supply. Taiwan has oil reserves of only about 2.5 million barrels and consumed an average of 1123.08 thousand barrels of oil per day in 2008 which constituted 1.32% of the worlds consumption. Taiwan has compensated for its lack of reserves by building huge refining capacity of 1197 thousand barrels per day which make up 90% of total oil production through refinery gain. The prevalent trends of globalization have had a great impact on Taiwanese energy policy and the government now actively promotes privatisation in the oil and gas sector to develop new refineries and power plants. The industry is dominated by the national oil company of Taiwan, the Chinese Petroleum Corporation and even though oil exploration activity has been ongoing for the last 50 years there has never been any significant discovery of oil production. The Taiwanese oil and gas industry experienced a vibrant 48% growth rate in 2008 to reach total revenues of USD$ 39.7 billion which represented a CAGR of 28.9% for the period from 2004-2008. The effects of the global recession will be felt in the Taiwanese oil and gas market which will experience a slowdown in the growth rate till 2013. Market growth rate for the period 2008 to 2013 is expected at a CAGR of 2.2% which will take total revenues from the sector to USD$ 44.2 billion by 2013. Consumption of oil in Taiwan has seen an increase with a CAGR of 1.6% from 2004 to 2008 and stands at 434.9 million BOE. Future consumption growth is being projected at a CAGR of 0.9% for the period 2008 to 2013 and is expected to reach 455.1 million BOE by 2013. A majority of total revenues in the sector were generated from crude oil sales at USD$ 34.4 billion or 86.7% of the total market value. The remaining 13.3% came from natural gas sales which generated USD$ 5.3 billion in 2008. Taiwan is 5th largest importer of natural gas in the world and has a natural gas consumption of 11.77 billion cubic metres. The gas consumption in Taiwan made up 2.64% of total consumption in the region and is expected to decrease to 2.49% by 2014. VIETNAM Vietnam had 0.27 % of the worlds reserves at the end of 2007 according to the 2008 BP Statistical Energy Survey. Bach Ho is the largest offshore oil reserve among 9 offshore reserves of Vietnam. It produced an average of 340 thousand barrels of crude oil per day in 2007 according to the 2008 BP Statistical Energy Survey. Top Asia-Pacific Oil Producers in 2006 Vietnam Oil Gas Corporation (PetroVietnam) dominates oil and gas sector in Vietnam. It is under the control of the Ministry of Industry. It has formed partnerships with other international oil companies such as BP, ConocoPhillips, (KNOC), Nippon Oil (Japan), Malaysias Petronas, Korea National Oil Corporation and Talisman. Vietnams Natural Gas Production and Consumption from 1995 to 2005 As of January 2007, Vietnam had 6.8 Tcf of proven gas reserves according to Oil and Gas Journal. According to Business Monitor International forecasts Vietnam will account for 1.59% of Asia Pacific regional oil demand by 2014 and provide 4.33% of supply. Regional oil use of 21.40mn barrels per day (b/d) in 2001 for Asia Pacific reached an estimated 25.44mn b/d in 2009. The usage should average 25.93mn b/d in 2010 before rising to around 28.99mn b/d by 2014. Regional oil production is set to increase to 8.59mn b/d by 2014. Regional imports have increased on an average from 12.99mn b/d of oil in 2001 to estimated 16.94mn b/d in 2009. It is forecasted to reach 20.41mn b/d by 2014. China, Japan, India and South Korea will be principal importers. In terms of natural gas, only Malaysia will be net exporter in 2014. In 2009, region consumption was estimated to be 459bn cubic metres (bcm) and it is expected to increase to 582bcm by 2014. Net imports will ease from current 83bcm to 72bcm by 2013. In 2009, Vietnams share of gas consumption was expected to be 2.40 but its share of production is approximated at 2.91%. It is expected to account 4.72% to regional production and 4.12% consumption. For 2009, with an average OPEC basket price of US$59.00 per barrel (bbl), a decline of 37.3% year-on-year (y-o-y). For 2010, it is expected that there will be a significant OPEC basket price recovery to US$83.00/bbl for the OPEC basket price. It is expected to gain further ground to US$85.00/bbl in 2011 and increasing to US$90.00/bbl in 2012 and beyond. According to BMI forecast, there will be 7.3% average annual growth in 2010-2014. Growing number of international oil companies are partnering with Petro Vietnam in finding and developing hydrocarbon resources mainly gas. This will lead to rise in exploration success in Vietnam. As per BMI assumption, oil and gas production will peak at 400,000b/d in 2010 and will ease back to 372,000b/d by 2014. Beyond 2009, an increase of around 5-7% per annum is forecasted till 2014 thereby implying demand of 460,000b/d by 2014. Estimated 2009 of 11bcm for gas supply and demand is forecasted to increase to 24bcm by 2014. From 2009 to 2019, a decrease of 7.14% in oil production in Vietnam is forecasted by BMI. Crude volumes will peak in 2010 with 400,000 b/d and will decrease to 325,000 b/d later by 2019. With Vietnamese growth projections ranging from 5% to 7% per annum between 2009 and 2019, oil consumption is expected to rise by 78.22% and gas production is expected to rise from 11bcm to 27bcm. Amendments to Vietnams Petroleum Law have paved the way for a more open and transparent licensing round scheme for international investors. Vietnam held its first licensing round during 2004-2005. A second bidding round, which included 7 blocks in the Song Hong Basin, was launched in April 2007. Petrovietnam has claimed that these blocks hold in the region of 5 billion barrels of oil equivalent. Vietnam amended its Petroleum Law which paved the way for more open and transparent licensing round for international investors. Vietnam had 2 licensing rounds till 2007. KEY OIL AND GAS PLAYERS 1. Petro Vietnam 2. KNOC 3. BP Vietnam 4. Vietgazprom THAILAND Thailand is second largest oil importer in South East Asia. It has limited domestic oil production. It has only 290 million barrels of proven oil reverses according to Oil and Gas Journal in January 2007. In 2008, according to BP Statistical Energy Survey, it consumed 910.73 thousand barrels of oil per day compared to production of only 309.1 thousand barrels of oil per day. Majority of natural gas reserves are located offshore in the Gulf of Thailand. Though domestic gas production has risen significantly but still it is not sufficient to cater to local demand. In 2007, Thailand had proven natural gas reserves on 0.33 trillion cubic meters according to BP Statistical Energy Survey. PTT is the biggest player in oil sector in Thailand. It was earlier known as The Petroleum Authority of Thailand. Thailands Ministry of Energy through Energy Policy and Planning Office (EPPO) oversees all aspects of the countrys energy policies such as natural gas, oil and power sectors. PTTEP has stake in countrys natural gas producing fields such as Bongkot, the largest field. Chevron, being the largest foreign operator, currently accounts for estimated 70 percent of countrys gas production. According to Business Monitor International forecasts Thailand will account for 3.62% of Asia/Pacific regional oil demand by 2010 simultaneously providing 3.27% of supply. Regional Oil demand is expected to reach 27.64 mn b/d by 2010 from 24.74 mn b/d in 2009. Gas consumption is expected to reach 602bcm for 2010. By the end of the decade, gas production should reach 490bcm from last years 342bcm. In 2006, Thailands share of consumption was approximately 7.64%, and its share of production was at 6.64%. Its share of demand is forecasted to be 6.64% by 2010 and will still contribute approximately 6.7% of share in supply. For 2009, with an average OPEC basket price of US$59.00 per barrel (bbl), a decline of 37.3% year-on-year (y-o-y). For 2010, it is expected that there will be a significant OPEC basket price recovery to US$83.00/bbl for the OPEC basket price. It is expected to gain further ground to US$85.00/bbl in 2011 and increasing to US$90.00/bbl in 2012 and beyond. PTTEP and international partners are working hard to explore oil and gas fields. Thailand has an acceptable licensing framework and has made reasonable progress in terms of deregulation. Privatisation and consolidation would lead to improvement in the competitive landscape. With leading International Oil Companies such as Shell quitting (both the upstream and refining segments), it is apparent that Thailand is not an attractive destination for IOCs. Key Oil and Gas Players: 1. PTT 2. Esso Thailand 3. Thai Shell Co 4. Total MALAYSIA Malaysia is the eighth largest holder of natural gas reserves in the world. It was the second largest exporter of LNG after Qatar in 2007 As of January 2009, Malaysia held 83 trillion cubic feet of proven natural gas reserves according to Oil and Gas Journal. While majority of domestic oil reserves are found off Peninsular Malaysia, much of the Malaysias natural gas production comes from Eastern Malaysia, offshore Sabah and Sarawak. Top World LNG Exporters, 2007 State-owned Petronas dominates both in oil sector and natural gas sector. It has a monopoly on all upstream natural gas developments. It also plays a leading role in LNG trade and downstream activities. Natural gas production has risen steadily and it reached 2.3 Tcf in 200. Simultaneously domestic natural gas consumption has also increased and has reached 1.2 Tcf in 2007. Many important ongoing projects are expected to expand natural gas production over the near term in Malaysia. Oil and Gas Companies are continuously focussing on offshore areas, especially deepwater blocks for exploration and production. Malaysian Natural Gas Production and Consumption, 1987-2007 Malaysia-Thailand Joint Development Area It is one of the important and active natural gas EP areas and is located in lower part of Gulf of Thailand. The joint development area is divided into three blocks: Block A18, Block B17, and Block C19. Malaysia-Thailand Joint Authority jointly administers this area. The blocks reportedly hold 9.5 TCF of proved and probable natural gas reserves. Block A-18 is operated by a joint venture (the Carigali-Triton Operating Company (CTOC)) between Petronas Carigali and Hess. Blocks B-17 and C-19 are operated by a joint venture (the Carigali-PTTEP Operating Company (CPOC) of Thailand and Malaysias national oil company, In Asia, Malaysia has the most extensive gas pipeline networks. With completion of the Peninsular Gas Utilization (PGU) project in 1998 the gas transmission network extended to Peninsular Malaysia. It spans more than 880 miles. It has a capacity to transport 2 billion cubic feet per day of natural gas. Malaysia, Thailand and Singapore are connected through pipelines. The Trans-Thailand-Malaysia Gas Pipeline System enables Malaysia to transport/pipe natural gas from the Malaysia-Thailand Joint Development Area to its domestic pipeline system. This regional pipeline network marks a significant step towards a transnational pipeline network â€Å"Trans-ASEAN Gas Pipeline† (TAGP) system linking the regional natural gas producers and consumers. Malaysia has the natural advantage of its location and is the best candidate to serve as hub for this ambitious project. Japan, South Korea, and Taiwan were the 3 primary purchasers of natural gas exported by Malaysia. Malaysia International Shipping Corporation (MISC) transports LNG through own 27 LNG tankers,. PETRONAS is the majority holder in MISC with 62% stake. MISC also has significant contribution in oil shipping activities. Malaysia has 3 LNG processing plants and PETRONAS has majority interests in all. They are located in a complex at Bintulu, Sarawak (East Malaysia) and receive supplies by the Sarawak offshore natural gas fields. It is the largest LNG complex in the world and has 8 production trains. It has a total liquefaction capacity of 1.1 TCF per year. Japan being one of the major importers of LNG, it has played a critical role in financing Malaysias LNG facilities. Malaysia has third highest oil reserves in the Asia-Pacific region Top 5 asia pacific oil reserve holders, 2009 As of January 2009, Malaysia has proven oil reserves of 4 billion barrels according to Oil and Gas Journal. Major proportion of countrys oil comes from offshore fields which can be divided into three: Malay, Sabah and Sarawak basins. Malay basin contains majority of reserves which are of high quality. Tapis field contributes to more than 50% of countrys oil production. Malaysias Oil Production and Conumptionl 1988-2008 Malaysia is domestically able to meet countrys demand for petroleum products. It has heavily invested in downstream activities such as refining in last 20 years. As of January 2009, Malaysia has about 515,000 bbl/d of refining capacity at 6 facilities according to OSJ. Three refineries operated by PETRONAS (259,000 bbl/d total capacity), two by Shell (170,000 bbl/d total capacity), and remaining one by ExxonMobil (86,000 bbl/d). Key Oil and Gas Players: 1. PETRONAS 2. ExxonMobil 3. ConocoPhillips 4. BP 5. Murphy Oil 6. Chevron SINGAPORE Singapore has strengthened its position in global oil and gas industry over the years. It has become a major oil trading centre both in terms of physical delivery and in term of financial instruments. CAGR growth in OG market in Singapore from 2004-08 has been 33.2%. It has encouraged energy majors by marketing its strategic location for production and exportation to South East Asian emerging countries. It is among worlds top bunkering ports. Singapore doesnt have domestic oil reserves. It has consumed on an average 0.92 million barrels of oil per day and 6610 million cubic meters of natural gas in 2007. Singapore has many domestic oil companies which actively are engaged in exploration and production in foreign countries. Singapore Petroleum Company Ltd being the major one holding twenty percent participating interest in Vietnam Blocks 102 and 106. In South East Asia, Singapore is a major refining centre and had 1.3 million barrels refining capacity per day in 2007. Oil consumption has increased in recent years but it has not been as significant as natural gas consumption growth in last few years. Singapore Government has encouraged natural gas consumption in recent years and it led to increase in natural gas consumption. Key Oil and Gas Players in Singapore are Singapore Petroleum, Esso, Royal Dutch Shell, Ezar holdings (OFS) and many medium and small players. CHAPTER 2 QUESTIONNAIRE ANALYSIS We conducted primary research with Account Coordinators of our priority accounts, which are expected to contribute more than 50% of future EYs revenues. Due to busy period and traveling of the account coordinators, we were able to get qualitative responses from only 5 accounts. For the rest of the accounts, we conducted secondary research. The key notings from primary research are as follows: * Revenue growth and sustainability is essentially a factor of business that can be drawn from clients in current market conditions. Oil stability, political situation and environment and health concerns are few of the key factors required for revenue stability. Moreover, the volume of business

Vanadyl Sulfate: Could it be a wonder drug for the future? :: Sports Medicine Health Essays

Vanadyl Sulfate: A Wonder Drug For The Future? Introduction In the competitive world of sports, athletes are always trying to get an edge. When practice is not enough, many athletes try to change their diets to gain an advantage over the competition. To make more educated decisions about what they eat, many athletes look closely at what happens to food once it enters their bodies. From studying the gastrointestinal and endocrine systems, athletes and researchers have learned to appreciate the role of insulin in athletic performance. In order to enhance performance, researchers have developed a product called vanadyl sulfate, which supposedly mimics the effects of insulin. While its effectiveness as a workout supplement is still in question, vanadyl sulfate also has promise as a possible alternative treatment for diabetes. The Insulin Theory To properly comprehend the importance of insulin and the rational behind wanting to increase it artificially, one must first understand the process of sugar metabolism. Sugar metabolism is the process by which the body converts food into energy that can be used by muscle cells. (http://encarta.msn.com/find/default.asp) The process begins when enzymes break down food into glucose, a simple six carbon sugar that can be easily absorbed in the intestine. From there, the hormone insulin plays several important roles. It is obvious that the cells that make up a person need energy to survive and function. Insulin is crucial in the delivery of energy to cells. In the body, glucose is the standard form of energy after digestion. Unfortunately, glucose's size and structure make it hard for the molecule to pass through the outer membranes of many of the body's cells. Insulin helps to fix this problem. Specifically, insulin bonds with the outer membrane of cells to increase permeability. This enables glucose to pass through the cell membrane more easily and gives the cell access to more energy. Without insulin, it is extremely difficult for glucose in the blood to be used by the body's cells as energy. Conversely, an abundance of insulin increases the rate at which glucose is used by the cells and therefore lowers the amount of glucose left in the bloodstream (Guyton, Hall, 972). In addition to helping to provide the cell with energy, insulin can also help the cell in other ways.

Microsoft Corporation

Microsoft Corporation is a leading software company in the world. Its core businesses include Platform Products and Services Division, Business Division and the Entertainment and Devices Division. It is committed to the long term mission of helping its customers realize their full potential. It constantly updates and improves its products and continuously accelerate new technologies as they emerge serve its customers better. The web site of Microsoft is one of the best developed websites providing a wealth of online information to its visitor. The information includes that of the company, its social initiatives, news, contact details, careers at Microsoft etc. The company provides a number of sites for its products. These sites provide online information about the company products and their features, product upgrades, product downloads and all the assistance required by the customers to use their products. There is a great amount of valuable information on the products site of Microsoft Corporation. The first useful information is the links to Microsoft’s product families including windows, Windows Server Systems, Business Solutions, Office, Developer Tools, Games and Xbox, MSN and Windows Mobile. This information will enable me to easily identify the product of my interest. The next useful information is about the product categories including Home and entertainment, Finance, Hardware and Books and training. There is also valuable information about the more popular products of Microsoft and its key technologies. I can also find valuable information in the link to trial software. The link helps me to get online information about the different trial software of Microsoft that are available in different product families. From each trial software link we can get the overview about the benefits of each product, its main features and support and security features. It provides details about the system requirements. Once we are able to evaluate and decide on the product to be ordered for trial then the site helps is in the procedures that are involved in buying a trial compact disc or downloading the trial software along with the necessary system requirements for the trail download. The site provides information as to how the product of our choice can be ordered online and the retailer through whom we can place the order for our product. If we plan to purchase five or more licenses, information of the volume licensing can be got based on whether our organization is a business or an educational institution. Information of the license agreement is also displayed. Once order has been placed information about how to track the status of the order is also provided. The site also provides the information about how I can use the product information center better using online chat and telephone. The Website Link to Microsoft office word 2003 provides detailed information to me about one of the best selling product of Microsoft Corporation. I can get the overview of Microsoft Word 2003 along with the features of the product like its ability to collaborate using Windows share point services, help control distribution of sensitive documents, create organizational solutions with XML and gather information on MS Word. The site provides information about the requirements of the system with reference to the operating system, processor, memory, hard disk, drive, display, Internet connection and other information necessary to use the product effectively. The site provides the price of the full version of the product and also states the price of the upgrade version. I can use a link on the site to order online the full version or the upgrade of the product. I can check the status of back order using an appropriate link in the web site. The most helpful feature of the site to me is the information provided on the link of Word 2003 tour. It provides information with the aid of pictorial presentations, about how to simplify collaboration and reduce version control issues, control document distribution, control editing and formatting changes, see comments and revision marks more easily, create organizational solutions with XML, use smart documents to reuse data stored in word 2003 documents and customized functionality with enhanced smart tags. The site also provides assistance as to how to find facts easily, get help when needed, read comfortably, mark documents and send faxes by internet. I can also take the online test drive of the latest version of MS Word. MS Product licensing advisor provides an easy-to-use online tool with reference to product licensing. For the small business I am running there is comprehensive information about MS small business edition 2003. The site provides an overview of the product and its benefit like the ease of use and its suitability to help me managing customers and sales opportunities, create marketing material, manage e-mail communications and information sharing. The information with reference to price and system requirements and the procedure to buy online are also provided. Microsoft Corporation has developed an excellent website that provides comprehensive information that enables me to study and buy their products with the utmost ease. References Microsoft. Retrieved November 17, 2006 From http://www.microsoft.com/ Â   Â   Microsoft Corporation Microsoft Corporation is a leading software company in the world. Its core businesses include Platform Products and Services Division, Business Division and the Entertainment and Devices Division. It is committed to the long term mission of helping its customers realize their full potential. It constantly updates and improves its products and continuously accelerate new technologies as they emerge serve its customers better. The web site of Microsoft is one of the best developed websites providing a wealth of online information to its visitor. The information includes that of the company, its social initiatives, news, contact details, careers at Microsoft etc. The company provides a number of sites for its products. These sites provide online information about the company products and their features, product upgrades, product downloads and all the assistance required by the customers to use their products. There is a great amount of valuable information on the products site of Microsoft Corporation. The first useful information is the links to Microsoft’s product families including windows, Windows Server Systems, Business Solutions, Office, Developer Tools, Games and Xbox, MSN and Windows Mobile. This information will enable me to easily identify the product of my interest. The next useful information is about the product categories including Home and entertainment, Finance, Hardware and Books and training. There is also valuable information about the more popular products of Microsoft and its key technologies. I can also find valuable information in the link to trial software. The link helps me to get online information about the different trial software of Microsoft that are available in different product families. From each trial software link we can get the overview about the benefits of each product, its main features and support and security features. It provides details about the system requirements. Once we are able to evaluate and decide on the product to be ordered for trial then the site helps is in the procedures that are involved in buying a trial compact disc or downloading the trial software along with the necessary system requirements for the trail download. The site provides information as to how the product of our choice can be ordered online and the retailer through whom we can place the order for our product. If we plan to purchase five or more licenses, information of the volume licensing can be got based on whether our organization is a business or an educational institution. Information of the license agreement is also displayed. Once order has been placed information about how to track the status of the order is also provided. The site also provides the information about how I can use the product information center better using online chat and telephone. The Website Link to Microsoft office word 2003 provides detailed information to me about one of the best selling product of Microsoft Corporation. I can get the overview of Microsoft Word 2003 along with the features of the product like its ability to collaborate using Windows share point services, help control distribution of sensitive documents, create organizational solutions with XML and gather information on MS Word. The site provides information about the requirements of the system with reference to the operating system, processor, memory, hard disk, drive, display, Internet connection and other information necessary to use the product effectively. The site provides the price of the full version of the product and also states the price of the upgrade version. I can use a link on the site to order online the full version or the upgrade of the product. I can check the status of back order using an appropriate link in the web site. The most helpful feature of the site to me is the information provided on the link of Word 2003 tour. It provides information with the aid of pictorial presentations, about how to simplify collaboration and reduce version control issues, control document distribution, control editing and formatting changes, see comments and revision marks more easily, create organizational solutions with XML, use smart documents to reuse data stored in word 2003 documents and customized functionality with enhanced smart tags. The site also provides assistance as to how to find facts easily, get help when needed, read comfortably, mark documents and send faxes by internet. I can also take the online test drive of the latest version of MS Word. MS Product licensing advisor provides an easy-to-use online tool with reference to product licensing. For the small business I am running there is comprehensive information about MS small business edition 2003. The site provides an overview of the product and its benefit like the ease of use and its suitability to help me managing customers and sales opportunities, create marketing material, manage e-mail communications and information sharing. The information with reference to price and system requirements and the procedure to buy online are also provided. Microsoft Corporation has developed an excellent website that provides comprehensive information that enables me to study and buy their products with the utmost ease. References Microsoft. Retrieved November 17, 2006 From http://www.microsoft.com/ Â   Â  

Bar Mitzvah

Whitney McClain April10th, 2013 Religions 9:30-10:45 Bar Mitzvah Party I chose to try and attend a Bar Mitzvah ceremony after your brief description of the festivity in class. I did not know anyone that was Jewish so I asked around my job. It just so happened that my co-worker was jewish and had a friends whose son was going to have a bar mitzvah. The ceremony was held at the conference on okaloosa island. I did do some research so I was not totally ignorant of what was about to come and also to be expected of me.I did dress formally due to the fact the event was held at night At the beginning of the service Aaron the 13 year old son took the stage to prepare to read from the Torah. The elders were beside Aaron and began to then chant the word before giving the spot light to him. They then passed the microphone and let him read his chosen passage from the book. This only lasted for about six minutes. I found this to be interesting because the moment was so short but would last a life time. It signified so much more than the actual act of reading the torah.It was a moment of happiness of becoming a man building up to all of which he had trained for; and a moment of proudness for family and friends. After he was done reading his piece we clapped, and sung in celebration. Some of Aaron's friends begun to throw candy at him to be funny. They threw the candy somewhat harder than what I expected, but it was all fun and games and rather mischievous. After the service was finished I watched everyone in the ceremony interact with one another.Everyone was quite happy and it showed on their faces it was a high spirited environment. The rest of the ceremony was the after party which I did not attend since I had to work in the morning. What I gathered from my experience I was that the Jewish religion seems like a very disciplined and traditional practice. Those aspects mean very much to them and has molded their society to what it is now. Everyone was put through certain st eps and earned their way toward adulthood.I understand that before the bar mitzvah several things are required of them. They are put into school and work to achieve or earn their celebration. I respected this because it gave them a good sense of their being. It instilled in the children what it is to become an adult. That things are not going to be handed to but earned and with that becomes responsibility. Now that Aaron is 13 he is seen to be old enough to follow the commandments, as an adult. I believe he intends to do so and follow his teachings.

Criminal Profiling in Court

Criminal Profiling in Court Free Online Research Papers All societies in the world are troubled by crime everyday. The general public has become very fascinated by criminals and fearful of criminal behavior. In the fight against crime, criminal profiling has been developed to aid the FBI in the capture of criminals. At the heart of criminal profiling is a combination of psychological principles and crime scene analysis. In combining both the psychological principles and crime scene analysis, it is possible to identify the likely characteristics of a perpetrator. Although this technique is very helpful, there appears to be many contradictions and disagreements when it comes to the two types of criminal profiling. The two types of criminal profiling, inductive and deductive, are very different in many ways. The most commonly used type of criminal profiling would be deductive, due to the fact that it requires an individual to have a specialized education and training in the field at question. Criminal Profiling in Court Criminal profiling is a general term that describes any process of inferring distinctive personality characteristics of individuals responsible for committing criminal acts from physical and/or behavioral evidence. The FBI defines criminal investigative analysis as an investigative process that identifies the major personality and behavioral characteristics of the offender based on the crimes he or she has committed. Profiles are known to work best when the offender displays obvious psychopathology, such as sadistic torture, postmortem mutilation or pedophilia. A profile can offer helpful information that includes the offender’s general age range, racial identity, ideas about the modus operandi, estimates about living situation, education level, travel patterns, the possibility of a criminal or psychiatric record, and probable psychological traits. When criminal profilers examine materials in the trial phase of a case, they are forensic examiners whether they care to be or no t. The duties are profiler include, but are not limited to evaluating the criminal act itself, evaluating the specifics of the crime scene, analyzing the victim, evaluating the preliminary police reports, evaluating the medical examiner’s autopsy report, developing the profile with critical offender characteristics and investigating suggestions on the construction of the profile. In completing these duties, there are two types of profiling one could follow. The most common and useful form of profiling is known as deductive profiling. Deductive profiling concerns itself with the particular behavioral evidence of a case as the physical evidence has established it. The process of interpreting forensic evidence, including such inputs as crime scene photos, autopsy reports/photos, and a thorough study of individual offender victimology. Deductive profiling is deduced from the careful forensic examination and behavioral reconstruction of a single offender’s crime scene. There are many advantages of using deductive profiling as opposed to inductive profiling. Deductive profiling requires specialized education and training in forensic science, crime reconstruction, and wound pattern analysis. Because it thoroughly explores victimology and the nature of the interaction between the victim(s), crime scene(s), and the offender, it can very pointedly demonstrate an individual offender’s motivations and in even the most bizarre senseless offenses. One major advantage of deductive profiling is that is examines behaviors of individual offenders as they occur over time. By examining the behaviors over time, it allows for change and growth to arrive and the analysis is recompiled back into the criminal profile. Along with the advantages are the disadvantages of deductive profiling. It is not a quick fix or a cure all. The technique requires a great deal of effort and multidisciplinary skill on the part of each member of the investigative team. The process of deductive profiling is extremely emotionally exhausting and it cannot point out a specific known individual and say with confidence that they are likely responsible for a certain crime or series of crimes unless that offender’s unique signature is known and already established. Many people have assumptions about deductive profiling in that the offender acts without motivation. Profilers using deductive profiling believe that all human behavior develops uniquely, over time, in response to environmental and biological factors. In believing that, profilers also feel that some offenders have unique motivations and/or behaviors that should be individuated from other similar offenders. One example of deductive profiling as follows: the body of a female victim is found nude in a remote forest location with four shallow, careful incisions on the chest and cutting across the nipples. The victim’s genital areas have all been removed with a sharp instrument and petechia are evident in the eyes, neck, and face. No clothing or blood is found at the crime scene. The victim bears ligature furrows around her wrists with abraded contusions, but no ligature is present. There are fresh tire impressions found in the mud, approximately twenty yards from where the body is located. Involving that case, the established deductive profile would conclude: The offender in this particular offense bound the victim to restrain her while she was still aliv e, indicated by the abrasions around her wrists associated with struggling. The offender removed the ligature before disposing of the body, indicated by the fact that no ligature was found at the crime scene. The victim was likely asphyxiated with a material ligature about the neck, indicated by the pattern compression and the petechia. The location where the body was found is a disposal site and not the actual location of the offense, indicated by the fact that no blood was present at this location. The offender has a vehicle consistent with the tire impressions and is mobile. All of these details together indicate a competent, intelligent offender whom is likely able to sustain employment, and is likely a sexual sadist. This is deductively suggested by the vehicle, the use of secondary scene to dispose of the body to avoid transfer evidence, the removal of the victim’s clothing, and the deliberate cutting of the victim’s nipples to cause pain but not seriously injure. Inductive profiling is also known as statistical profiles and are nothing more than weakly supported generalizations that have little or rational bearing on the issues before the court. It is a very easy tool to use and does not require any specialized forensic knowledge, education or training in the study of criminal behavior. Inductive profiles can be assembled in a short period of time without any great effort or ability. Although it is not the most reliable for all situations, inductive profiling can be useful for thoroughly establishing MO behavior, as well as offender signature. There are many disadvantages of inductive profiling, which is why many agencies don’t use it. The information is generalized from limited population samples and not specifically related to any case. The profiles are averaged from limited data and collected only from known, apprehended off enders. The inductive profile does not fully or accurately take into account current offenders who are at large, or the criminals who are successfully continuing to avoid detection by law enforcement. With so many disadvantages comes many assumptions about inductive profiling. Many profilers using this technique assume that small groups of known offenders who commit the same types of crimes as unknown offenders have commonly shared individual characteristics that can be accurately generalized back to initially similar individual unknown offenders. Another assumption associated with inductive profiling is that offenders who have committed crimes in the past are culturally similar to current offenders, being influence by at least similar environmental conditions and existing with the same general and sometimes specific motivations. One example of inductive profiling is as follows: eighty percent of known serial killers that attack college students in parking lots are white makes age twenty-thirty five years old who live with their mothers and drive Volkswagen Bugs. The offender has attacked at least three female college students on separate occasions; the offender has attacked all three victims in parking lots. The inductive profile concludes that the offender, who is park of this large group who fits â€Å"serial killers† is a white male, age twenty- thirty five, lives with his mother and drives a Volkswagen Bug. The profile is formed to show basically all statistical information. In using both types of profiling there are problems that arise from both of them. Some profilers have ignorance about the nature of criminal profiling and physical evidence in general. The lack of restraint with which many criminal profilers give their opinions instead of facts. An early case study involving Richard Trenton Chase, also know n as the â€Å"Vampire of Sacramento†, was quickly identified and apprehended with the help of a psychological profile in 1978. Mr. Chase had murdered a woman in her home, eviscerating her and drinking her blood. The crime was so brutal that the FBI was called in and gave the profilers a chance to show what they were worth. Agents Robert Ressler and Russ Vorpagel developed independent profiles that helped to catch Mr. Chase. His arrest stopped a string of murders, that apparently from marks on his calendar were to include forty-four victims in the same year. Without the technique of criminal profiling, no one is sure whether or not Mr. Chase would have been apprehended. Conclusion Although many people in today’s society can watch television and see shows that involve criminal profiling, it can be a huge misunderstanding of what profiling can truly achieve. Criminal profilers operating in the sensitive area of criminal investigations receive greater public attention and therefore, will have to display caution in the conclusions they draw in a case. A lack of clarity remains between the differing profiling fractions in relation to the application of the technique in criminal investigations. It is always important to recognize that the results of the profiling process are only as competent as the original investigative efforts and processes which provide, or in many cases fail to provide, the physical evidence fro which criminal behavior is reconstructed. Research Papers on Criminal Profiling in CourtThe Relationship Between Delinquency and Drug UseCapital PunishmentThe Effects of Illegal ImmigrationUnreasonable Searches and SeizuresEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenThree Concepts of PsychodynamicPETSTEL analysis of IndiaIncorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in CapitalArguments for Physician-Assisted Suicide (PAS)Honest Iagos Truth through Deception

10 Exploratory Essay Topics on #8220;What#8217;s in a Name#8221;

10 Exploratory Essay Topics on #8220;What#8217;s in a Name#8221; Names are an important part of our identity. Most people like to think that they are just nouns that help us differentiate people. But have you ever wondered what’s in a name? What is its significance and why do we need one? In our first guide, 10 facts for an exploratory essay on what’s in a name? You’ll be entertained with solid facts on names, so you can write a perfect exploratory essay on it. In our second guide, we share 20 topics on â€Å"what’s in a name† for an exploratory essay to give you a head-start, so you can start writing immediately. We’ve also included a sample essay in this guide which would greatly help you in completing your assignment. Finally, in our third guide, how to write a deep exploratory essay on what’s in a name? we share useful tips and methods to enable you to write a perfect exploratory essay and gain the admiration of your professor. Our first and second guides include 14 references combined and you will have no problem finding sources on the facts and topics we’ve discussed. Without further ado, here are 10 facts on whats in a name: Many people feel that names have something to do with our facial appearance. However, when the enthusiasts conducted two experiments on different occasions, they found out otherwise. The experiment had involved American and British participants where American females showed potential and supported the hypothesis, while British participants didn’t. This showed that there was nothing that could prove the correlation between names with faces. Research has apparently found that people’s names really affect them throughout the course of their lives. Here’s how names can affect your life: Masculine names given to women bring success in the legal profession. Boys with feminine names tend to misbehave in schools. Women with attractive names are seen as physically attractive too. Our name can be a significant success factor when applying for a job or choosing to live in a particular town/state or country. While Democrats and Republicans have never seen eye to eye on political issues, it seems they also prefer to go with different names. When an app about names was under development, an interesting phenomenon was discovered – Democrats prefer different first names than their Republicans counterparts. According to a study that was published in the European Journal of Social Psychology, middle names can improve self-esteem of a person. If you’ve got a chance to see how doctors and lawyers sign forms, you’ll notice that they use their middle name as initials. A recent study shows that women with feminine names tend to lose their interest in mathematics as they feel â€Å"too feminine† to handle such complex and/or logical subjects. However, when a female has a masculine name such as Harley, the tide turns and such women have shown a keen interest in math and science. When German researchers sent out 47,000 emails to online dates without photos, guess what happened? They discovered that there were several names which received more profile visits than other names. Alexander and Charlotte were two names that appealed the most to these online daters, while Kevin and Mandy were among the least appealing. A recent study conducted in Germany found that people with unattractive names smoke more than those who have attractive names. This is because attractive names appeal more when you are out on the internet to find a date, and when you don’t have one, the chances of finding a decent date drastically go down. This leads to a sense of rejection and low self-esteem, which is a precursor to heavy smoking. It might seem stereotypical, but a recent study conducted on British families showed that parents tend to choose bigger names for boys and shorter ones for girls – not alphabetically, but how they sound. For example, most parents prefer to name their boy James or Joel, typically conveyed with vowels like ‘a’ and ‘o’, while girl’s names are preferred with ‘i’ and ‘e’ vowel sounds , as in Jill or Emma. Believe it or not, people tend to think that they have chosen a unique name that hasn’t been chosen before. A study at UC Davis shows otherwise. The study found that people choose names that are fashionable, and not because they have a correlation with religion or family legacies. In fact, people tend to follow trends that are started by â€Å"cultural† elites rather than obscure names that are either created by religion or family legacies. Besides, fashionable names are recurring in nature, hence no one can have unique names. Did you know? People seem to trust strangers who have an easy to pronounce name rather than someone who has a name like Czeslaw or Ratynska? A study was conducted by UC Irvine and concluded that people with easy names are more trusted than people with hard-to-pronounce names. Interesting facts, were they not? Now, let’s head over to 20 Topics on â€Å"What’s in a Name?† for an Exploratory Essay, so you can start writing without any delays. Don’t forget to read our last guide on how to write a deep exploratory essay on â€Å"What’s in a Name?†. Our final guide is perfect to familiarize you with the methodology behind writing an exploratory essay and how to format it properly, while making it interesting to read. We are certain that our guide will help you leave your professors in utter amazement. References: Robin S. S. Kramer, Alex L. Jones, (2015) Do People’s First Names Match Their Faces? Journal of Articles in Support of the Null Hypothesis Vol. 12, No. 1  jasnh.com/pdf/Vol12-No1-article1.pdf Kenneth M. Steele, Laura E. Smithwick, (1989) First Names and First Impressions: A Fragile Relationship, Sex Roles, Vol. 21, Nos. â…ž , Mars Hill College  http://www1.appstate.edu/~kms/documents/SteeleSmithwick1989.pdf Jochen E. Gebauer, Mark R. Leary, Wiebke Neberich; (2011) Unfortunate First Names Effects of Name-Based Relational Devaluation and Interpersonal Neglect, Sage Journals  http://spp.sagepub.com/content/3/5/590.short Mark, (2014) The Politics of Names, Verdant Labs  http://verdantlabs.com/blog/2014/11/13/political-names/ Jeanne Sager, (2014) The Baby Naming Rule You Cant Afford to Break, The Stir  http://thestir.cafemom.com/pregnancy/171947/the_best_name_to_give%20 Northwestern University, (2010) DAVID FIGLIO DISCUSSES HOW NAMES CAN AFFECT LEARNING, The School of Education and Social Policy  sesp.northwestern.edu/news-center/inquiry/2010-spring/faculty-news.html Pamela H. Mitchell, (2005) Whats In A Name? Volume 21, Issue 6, Pages 332–334  professionalnursing.org/article/S8755-7223(05)00148-1/fulltext?mobileUi=0

Business Environment Of Vodafone Group Plc Marketing Essay

Business Environment Of Vodafone Group Plc Marketing Essay The aim of this report is to analysis the external and internal business environment of Vodafone Group Plc, and identifies possible strategy for Vodafone to sustain growth. Vodafone existence in Europe, Middle East, Africa, Asia Pacific and United States; operated in form of subsidiary, joint venture, associated, or investment in 21 countries, and operated in form of partner market agreement in 49 countries. See Annex I for details. To understand a company, it is best practice to begin from its Vision and Mission statement to understand the corporate direction. â€Å"Our Vision is to be the world’s mobile communication leader – enriching customers’ lives, helping individuals, businesses and communities be more connected in a mobile world.† â€Å"Our mission is to lead the industry in responding to public concerns regarding mobile phones, masts and health by demonstrating leading edge practices and encouraging others to follow.† External analysis PE STEL Analysis is tool used to scan the external macro-environment in which the company operates. It express in terms of Political, Economic, Social, Technological, Environmental, and Legal. Political Political factors including political stability, labor law, environmental law, trade restrictions, tax policy, and tariff. Country which Vodafone operate their business are political stable, and welcome for foreign investment or joint venture with local business. China, Israel, India have tax benefit for foreign investor. In UK, Ofcom introduced the local loop unbundling process required BT to allow other operators to install their own equipment in BT exchange; this policy lowered the entry barrier for the industry. Also more licenses was issued to new operator, competition in the market has become hot. Economic Economic factors including exchange rate, interest rate, inflation rate, and the economic growth. The global financial crisis especially in Europe causes the economic growth slo wly. Under this situation, customers become more price-driven than quality-driven. The bargaining power of bankers become stronger, get loan from bank become more difficult and have to pay higher interest. Social Social factors including population growth rate, age distribution, cultural aspects and life style. In Vodafone’s home country -UK, the population is increasing due to immigration and birth rate increase. The life style and way of using mobile phone are changing. The number of fixed line user is decreasing and the number of mobile phone user is increasing. Mobile phone is no longer using for only making phone call and text message, nowadays mobile phone is also use for web browsing, social media, and entertainment. Technological Technological factors including rate of technological change, automation, and technology incentives. The way of people using mobile phone change, need of a faster data transmission rate become necessary. New technology on both hardware and so ftware, such as IP phone and video on demand become common technology. Environmental Environmental factors including environmental protection regulation and non-regulated issue related to the industry. Currently there is no environmental regulation directly related to the industry. Legal Legal factors referring to laws regulating businesses. EU Roaming Regulation urges operators to lower charge on roaming service. Internal Analysis Resources Analysis Tangible Resources Vodafone Group Plc has total  £139,576 million of assets in year 2012. It has 14,000 stores and 238,000 base stations worldwide.

Deutsche Bank Ag (DB) Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Deutsche Bank Ag (DB) - Research Paper Example cles and publications, Deutsche Bank Ag still remains an icon the world foreign exchange market though facing stiff competition from other foreign exchange dealers. Some of the services offered by this banking institution include; risk management, wealth management, fund management, corporate finance, sales, retail banking, and trade. From the type of services rendered by this company, it is evident that it deals with corporate and private clients. Its market network is evenly spread across established and growing economies and this serves as an important factor that propels Deutsche Bank Ag towards financial or economic success in the world market (Deutsche Bank in Asia, 32). According to many surveyors, this institution used log term strategy to achieve good results in the world market. DBA being one of the oldest institutions in the banking industry took time to learn the market trend hence able to make quick and strategic marketing decisions. Deutsche Bank Ag is one of the trusted banks within America and Europe due to its long existence in the banking industry (Deutsche Bank in Asia, 32). German started using this banking institution long before World War II and since then it has grown to cover the world market. The company is still stretching is service network to other countries across the globe and still remains to beat in the world market. According to the historical description of Deutsche Bank Ag, it is one of the banking institutions that offer several banking

English Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 29

English - Essay Example For example, multi-billionaire Richard Branson became successful because he knew he wanted to do something with music. He opened a small company that sold mail-order albums and was able to save enough capital to open up his first record store. From his savings, he was able to build his record label with new artists and soon his wealth started increasing (Lorenz, 2006). People who are motivated and dedicated can teach themselves whatever it is that they need to know in order to follow the profession they have selected. If this is not possible, then there are also the possibilities of internships or apprenticeships, where individuals are taught the skills they need in order to perform the job they are trying to get without having to pay with their own money to learn (Forbes staff, 2006). Then there is the question of money. It has been said many times that one can make more money if he has a college education, but this argument is questioned by a number of studies. Challenging the idea that non-college educated individuals can earn close to or the same as college-educated individuals, Michael Robertson (2008) admitted there may be some truth to the statement after examining the results of a 45 year survey. However, Forbes staff (2006) indicates that those who choose not to attend college are able to gain 4-5 years of work experience while their peers are in class. Thus, they do not acquire the huge college loan debt that often worries college graduates. Furthermore, if they invest their college money rather than spend it on education, they may also end up making money from the investment. In addition, there are several examples of very wealthy people who have managed to make their fortunes at young ages because they were not wasting their energies in the classroom and were out there waiting to take advantage of opportunities that came. These include Barry Diller, who started in the mail room of the

Hebrew Bible Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Hebrew Bible - Essay Example According to the research findings, it can, therefore, be said that the chapters 5 to 12 of the Hebrew Bible are mainly concerned with the record of miraculous happenings that result because of the pharaoh time and again not keeping his promise to Moses to grant them the freedom to pray to Jehovah in the wilderness. It is his pride and unbelief that leads to the occurrence of the ten plagues that visit the Egyptians one after the other and culminate in the death of the firstborn among the Egyptians but still the pharaoh is unrepentant and according to Jehovah is destined to the destruction of his people and himself. His wise men and sorcerers enact the miracles that are performed by Moses but even they are fully convinced that they are not dealing with some odd magician, but instead some supernatural power at work on behalf of Moses. They are convinced that the power or force that backs Moses is beyond them, and they stand no chance but the pharaoh’s heart and mind by the know ledge of the Lord God are hardened against the truth and the righteous. Faith, especially in the Hebraic and the Islamic tradition, is pure and simple blind belief in Jehovah and Allah, so either you possess it or you do not there are no two opinions about it. But for the sake of the unbeliever Jehovah manifests himself through the miracles to open up the eyes of the unbeliever but all to no avail as far as the pharaoh is concerned. The Twelfth chapter is concerned about the feast of Passover and how to avoid the wrath of Jehovah. Historical Background: It has been a topic of heated debate that the account of Bible is historically accurate. This is the traditional view. The opposing view is that the text is not historically correct, not because Bible is a holy book but exactly for that fact because Bible is a religious testament, concerned more with leading the men to good and righteousness and abstain from evil. The historical background is that for four hundred and thirty years th e Israelites were oppressed and kept in utter bondage. The miraculous events that take place, though cannot be verified what can be easily sifted through the annals of another historical record that have been recovered, discovered and unearthed by the researchers. A very important testament, that verifies the miraculous happenings recorded in the Hebrew Bible, of an age and time, specifically of Exodus is (revealed word of Allah), that is the Holy Quran. The story narrated in the Hebrew Bible and the Holy Quran agrees most of the important instances. The whole Surah Al-Baqarah (this title literary translated into English as â€Å"The Cow†), the longest chapter of the â€Å"Holy Quran†, accurately records the history and the travails of â€Å"Bani-Israel† (the Israelites) including the events mentioned in Exodus. It is mentioned on many occasions in the Holy Quran that the Israelites are the most beloved people of Lord God or more accurately Allah. According to à ¢â‚¬Å"Historiography and Self-definition: Josephus, Luke-Acts and Apologetic Historiography†, an authoritative book on the Exodus considers and proves it as â€Å"general history† as opposed to a monograph or antiquarian history.

Media as a Global Standardiser Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Media as a Global Standardiser - Assignment Example Thirdly, can a media holding private interests actually operate as a public sphere forum effectively?   The public sphere as a concept is most often associated with Jurgen Habermas, who conceptualized the idea in his book â€Å"The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere† (1962) – an inquiry into a category of bourgeois society. According to this work by Habermas, the public sphere in its most basic and ideal form is a realm or space where opinions particularly focusing on the needs of society are freely and openly exchanged between people without any restraints or external hinderances. (Habermas 1991: 176)This realm can also be a â€Å"virtual or imaginary community† (Soules: para 2) whose existence may not necessarily occur in any singular space. In today’s modern wold, where massive global communication networks spread their webs over the world, the current media scenario in all its forms and branches is the closest substitute to Habermasâ€⠄¢s ideal and the best implement towards working and achiving that goal. However, we must ask ourselves that how comfortably positioned is this role with a vehicle that is propelled, fuelled and controlled primarily by the private interests of media conglomerates, corporate sponsorship and state string pulling? The public sphere is a multifaceted entity possessing a number of interlinked functions. It is through the processes of dialogue and particularly through means of critical discussion and debate that opinions and attitudes are generated in the public sphere (Soules: para 2) and is a foundation for â€Å"emancipatory social thought† (Holub 1997: para 7). In an ideal state, the function of the public sphere is to act as a mediatory space between society and the state. It is the source of mass opinion which is required to legitimize and guide the state’s affairs (Soules: para 2), and challenge and legitimize governments and authority (Rutherford 2000: 18 ).   Habe rmas traces the origin and in a way proper concretization and emergence of an entity resembling the public sphere in 18th century emerging from the growth of coffee houses, the emergence of literary societies, and the expansion and rise of print media. As part of their efforts to keep the state under its reins, the parliaments and other agencies of representation based governments have sought to manage this public sphere (Soules: para 4). Habermas also acknowledges that there are precedents to public culture and traces their roots to the ancient Greeks. He mentions how in the discussion among its citizens, citizens interacted as equal and only through this interaction without restraints was it that that which existed in the public sphere become apparent, and in entering into the public sphere, by the core nature of the sphere as inclusive of all, become apparent to all (Habermas 1991: 4). He has however been criticized for idealizing the rational discussions of the 18th century bour geois ignoring â€Å"‘the extent to which its institutions were founded on sectionalism, (and) exclusiveness.’† (Eley 1992: 321 in Crossley 2004: 11). Habermas' idea of the public sphere refers to a realm between the state and civil society where decisions were publicly reached through rational discourse. He identifies the English press in the nineteenth century as the prime of the public sphere, in which a multitude of ideas were aired free from contextual

Trade Legislation of Russia Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Trade Legislation of Russia - Essay Example Business is allowed to take the form of sole proprietorship or an enterprise in any other case businesses are required to create a foundation agreement which defines the nature of the relationship and the roles of the participants. Republic of Hungary is a Central European country bordered by Ukraine, Romania, Austria, Serbia, Slovenia, Slovakia and Serbia. Its capital is Budapest and has a population of approximately 10 million. Its currency is the Forint with and exchange rate of 269.43 Hungarian forint equal to one Euro. The government type in Hungary is Republican. The resignation of the Hungarian prime minister earlier this year caused uncertainty in the political situation of the country. The president is the head of state and the prime minister heads the governments. There is a National Assembly which makes up the legislative set up and they Supreme and Constitutional court which make up the judicial system. Hungary was also affected by the global economic crisis and the country's debt levels have been on the rise. The country also faced a decline in the foreign investors. And the government securities became an issue of concern for its ability to meet finance requirements. The government has ensured liquidity of the financial markets and introduced a financial stabilization package with the IMF and EU to enhance investor confidence. The GDP declined in 2009 to -6.7 percent. The European Union revised the projections of decline and agreed to raise the deficit target of the country to 3.9 percent. The Hungarian Debt Management agency has been successful in launching bond auctions in 2009. A series of reforms by the government have been introduced to cut down on spending and to reduce the tax burden on labor in an attempt to encourage employment and to deal with the recession. The tax burden has been shifted from labor to wealth consumption. http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/26566.htm#political http://www.un.org/esa/agenda21/natlinfo/countr/hungary/social.htm Technology in Hungary The technology scenario in Hungary is focused on research and development. Both technology and telecommunications sector has experienced massive growth over the past few years. General Electrics, Hewlett Packard, Motorola, Nokia have established research and development centers in the country. Competition will be tough with competitors such as Eriksson, Nokia and Motorola already in the market but the company will be able to sustain through on going innovation and efficiency, and by keeping the company aggressive against competition. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/3662785.stm PEST for Turkey Turkey is situated in the Southeast region of Europe. The country is bordered by Greece, Iran, Iraq, Armenia, Syria and the

Hebrew Bible Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Hebrew Bible - Essay Example According to the research findings, it can, therefore, be said that the chapters 5 to 12 of the Hebrew Bible are mainly concerned with the record of miraculous happenings that result because of the pharaoh time and again not keeping his promise to Moses to grant them the freedom to pray to Jehovah in the wilderness. It is his pride and unbelief that leads to the occurrence of the ten plagues that visit the Egyptians one after the other and culminate in the death of the firstborn among the Egyptians but still the pharaoh is unrepentant and according to Jehovah is destined to the destruction of his people and himself. His wise men and sorcerers enact the miracles that are performed by Moses but even they are fully convinced that they are not dealing with some odd magician, but instead some supernatural power at work on behalf of Moses. They are convinced that the power or force that backs Moses is beyond them, and they stand no chance but the pharaoh’s heart and mind by the know ledge of the Lord God are hardened against the truth and the righteous. Faith, especially in the Hebraic and the Islamic tradition, is pure and simple blind belief in Jehovah and Allah, so either you possess it or you do not there are no two opinions about it. But for the sake of the unbeliever Jehovah manifests himself through the miracles to open up the eyes of the unbeliever but all to no avail as far as the pharaoh is concerned. The Twelfth chapter is concerned about the feast of Passover and how to avoid the wrath of Jehovah. Historical Background: It has been a topic of heated debate that the account of Bible is historically accurate. This is the traditional view. The opposing view is that the text is not historically correct, not because Bible is a holy book but exactly for that fact because Bible is a religious testament, concerned more with leading the men to good and righteousness and abstain from evil. The historical background is that for four hundred and thirty years th e Israelites were oppressed and kept in utter bondage. The miraculous events that take place, though cannot be verified what can be easily sifted through the annals of another historical record that have been recovered, discovered and unearthed by the researchers. A very important testament, that verifies the miraculous happenings recorded in the Hebrew Bible, of an age and time, specifically of Exodus is (revealed word of Allah), that is the Holy Quran. The story narrated in the Hebrew Bible and the Holy Quran agrees most of the important instances. The whole Surah Al-Baqarah (this title literary translated into English as â€Å"The Cow†), the longest chapter of the â€Å"Holy Quran†, accurately records the history and the travails of â€Å"Bani-Israel† (the Israelites) including the events mentioned in Exodus. It is mentioned on many occasions in the Holy Quran that the Israelites are the most beloved people of Lord God or more accurately Allah. According to à ¢â‚¬Å"Historiography and Self-definition: Josephus, Luke-Acts and Apologetic Historiography†, an authoritative book on the Exodus considers and proves it as â€Å"general history† as opposed to a monograph or antiquarian history.

Trade Legislation of Russia Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Trade Legislation of Russia - Essay Example Business is allowed to take the form of sole proprietorship or an enterprise in any other case businesses are required to create a foundation agreement which defines the nature of the relationship and the roles of the participants. Republic of Hungary is a Central European country bordered by Ukraine, Romania, Austria, Serbia, Slovenia, Slovakia and Serbia. Its capital is Budapest and has a population of approximately 10 million. Its currency is the Forint with and exchange rate of 269.43 Hungarian forint equal to one Euro. The government type in Hungary is Republican. The resignation of the Hungarian prime minister earlier this year caused uncertainty in the political situation of the country. The president is the head of state and the prime minister heads the governments. There is a National Assembly which makes up the legislative set up and they Supreme and Constitutional court which make up the judicial system. Hungary was also affected by the global economic crisis and the country's debt levels have been on the rise. The country also faced a decline in the foreign investors. And the government securities became an issue of concern for its ability to meet finance requirements. The government has ensured liquidity of the financial markets and introduced a financial stabilization package with the IMF and EU to enhance investor confidence. The GDP declined in 2009 to -6.7 percent. The European Union revised the projections of decline and agreed to raise the deficit target of the country to 3.9 percent. The Hungarian Debt Management agency has been successful in launching bond auctions in 2009. A series of reforms by the government have been introduced to cut down on spending and to reduce the tax burden on labor in an attempt to encourage employment and to deal with the recession. The tax burden has been shifted from labor to wealth consumption. http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/26566.htm#political http://www.un.org/esa/agenda21/natlinfo/countr/hungary/social.htm Technology in Hungary The technology scenario in Hungary is focused on research and development. Both technology and telecommunications sector has experienced massive growth over the past few years. General Electrics, Hewlett Packard, Motorola, Nokia have established research and development centers in the country. Competition will be tough with competitors such as Eriksson, Nokia and Motorola already in the market but the company will be able to sustain through on going innovation and efficiency, and by keeping the company aggressive against competition. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/3662785.stm PEST for Turkey Turkey is situated in the Southeast region of Europe. The country is bordered by Greece, Iran, Iraq, Armenia, Syria and the

The Articles of Confederation and the Constitution Essay Example for Free

The Articles of Confederation and the Constitution Essay Question: From 1781 to 1789 the Articles of Confederation provided the Unites States with an effective government. Use the documents and your knowledge of the period to evaluate this statement. Although the Articles of Confederation provided a working government for the United States, it was not necessarily an effectively working government; an effective government would be one that not only establishes control and authority, but one under which the nation flourishes. Certainly the Articles set down a basic government with the idea of a democratic republic. However, the Articles of Confederation didnt impose an effective government as much as it set the basis for one. It was unable to enforce many laws and many of those set were also unequal in operation, as unfair to some states as fair to others. Thus, from 1781 to 1789, the Articles of Confederation established a working, yet ineffective government, with very little control or authority over foreign relations, the economy, and western lands. In foreign relations, the government set down by the Articles of Confederation had minimal, if any, control and authority over diplomatic efforts with Spain, France, Britain, and the foreign presences in America. One contributing factor to this was the lack of an executive branch. Congress was the chief coordinating agency of any war efforts and almost every action of meaning. During a disagreement over foreign policy, the argument could possibly have lasted for weeks with no decision or compromise set, leaving the problem standing unresolved. What authority Congress did have over commerce was shown in some unfair tariffs on foreign trade, that consequentially affected foreign relations. There was a marked decline in the estimated market of United States exports to Great Britain; in those, there was a definite per capita drop [Document B]. There was much difficulty with diplomatic efforts with other countries. For example, while negotiating a treaty with Spain that could have given America access to the Mississippi River, the Southern states refused to go along, with the result of the treaty negotiations and the Mississippi had to be given up [Document F]. In America itself, Congress was unable to enforce the Treaty of Paris. There were British troops still occupying some parts of America [Document D]. Since Congress could not directly assemble an army, there was no way to deal  with the problem and the existing American troops were discontent with the governments failure to pay their wages [Document C]. Considering the state of foreign relations under the Articles of Confederation, the Louisiana Purchase wouldnt have been possible. The negotiations for the territory would have failed and Congress would have argued over the purchase of land long after the offer would have been voided. The difficulties in foreign relations were too much for the government set by the Articles of Confederat ion to be considered effective. The economy, like foreign relations, worked virtually in complete independence from Congress and the Articles of the Confederation. Congress had little authority over and abilities of directly taxing the people and regulating commerce. Being the central institution of national authority Congress needed the power to control factors that influence the economy which they didnt. The foreign relations of America affected the foreign trade of America. The foreign relations were in a dystopian. As a result, the foreign trade of America was in as sorry a state of affairs. There was a marked decline in the estimated market of United States exports to Great Britain and in those that did exist was a definite per capita drop [Document B]. When Congress did have the authority to impose a tariff, it was often unequal in operation and unfair to some states while favoring others [Document A]. The government set by the Articles of the Confederation experienced many difficulties with control and authority over an economy that did not prosper under the Articles. The western lands of the Articles United States were under very little American control. First of all, Although the western lands were turned over to the national government and then sold, they werent well controlled. Many of these lands were already predominantly inhabited by Native Americans. Congress lacked the ability to directly assemble an army, yet a fighting force was almost necessary to opposing the British still in America after the Treaty of Paris. An army would also have quelled raiding and rebelling Indians in the West, and also raiding from over the border of Spanish Florida. In negotiations over the western border of the US, there was much arguing among Congress between northern and southern state representatives  [Document F]. While negotiating a treaty with Spain that could have given America access to the Mississippi River, the Southern states refused to go along, so the treaty negotiations and the Mississippi had to be given up. The Articles of Confederation didnt establish an effective government; they not only established little control, but the nation didnt flourish. The failure of this government is perceptible in the state of foreign relations, the economy, and western lands from 1781 to 1789. The clear failure can also be seen in the call for revision of the Articles [Documents G, H]. Things were going wrong and they needed to change. Although the call was originally just for revision, it resulted in a new document, the Constitution. Although the Articles set down a basic government with the idea of a democratic republic, thats all it had: the idea. The basis set for an effective democratic republic was embellished and made to succeed in the Constitution. This demonstrated that the Articles government wasnt completely flawed, but it certainly wasnt effective.

The Benefits of Compulsory Education

The Benefits of Compulsory Education In Ireland all children of the state are obliged to attend school and receive an education. Compulsory education in Ireland is enforced by the school attendance act 1926 and the education welfare act 2000. The acts insure all children are provided with an equal opportunity to education. There are three levels of education available. Each student is required by law to attend up to the age of 16 or to Junior Certificate level. Prior to the existence of compulsory education many children had no access to basic education because their parents may have not been able to afford tuition. That problem has been eradicated due to the introduction of free public schooling. Basic education prepares a child intellegualy for mature adult life. Education shall prepare the child for an active adult life in a free society and foster respect for the childs parents his or her cultural identity, language and values and for the cultural back round and values for others (Article 29 of unconventional of the rights of a child) As a result of compulsory education, Ireland has one of the highest education rates in the world. 81% of Irish students complete second level and approximately 60% of these students proceed to higher education. Compulsory education follows a holistic approach. Although it is important to focus on the academic aspect of education it is also vital to point out the social aim of education. The main purpose of a holistic approach to education is to prepare individuals for a competent adult life emotionally, physically and spiritually. It aims to provide each child with the ability to seek out their own uniqness. Few schools are committed to holistic principles but many teachers try to use the ideas behind holistic education. By teachers using real life experience and events and not just delivering facts and notes, helps engage a student into a subject making learning fun and enjoyable. Self direction and resilience are major components of holistic principles. With the guidance and support for teachers, children can learn from their own experience and in turn can build on them. The highest function of education is to bring about an integrated individual who is capable of dealing with life as a whole (Jiddu Krishnaminti) Education provides a daily routine, responsibility and activities, which contributes to a healthy well rounded development. Compulsory education discourages child labour. Child labour is the exploitive employment of a child under the minimum legal age limit. The minimum age limit to work differs in each country. Irelands minimum age limit is age 15. Child labour occurs when there is limited access to education, no child labour laws and no employee rights. Working children are under paid. This in turn sees the high demand for low paid employees and leaves less employment available to adults. The cycle then continues. In 1919 the International Labour Organisation began to address the major issue of child labour. This contributed to the introduction of the School Attendance Act in Ireland in 1926. The act obliged children between the age of 5 and 16 to attend school. Previous to compulsory education the majority of families may have relied on children to leave education to help obtain basic necessities for the family. This undoubtedly denied children their right to education. The more education available to individuals can only benefit Irelands economic growth. Our progress of a nation can be no swifter than our progress in education. The human mind is our fundamental resource.(John F Kennedy) Presently in Ireland child labour is near to non existence. Child labour has decreased from 25% in 1960 to 10% in 2003 mainly due to the introduction of compulsory education Illiteracy levels continue to decline since the introduction of compulsory education. Illiteracy is the inability to read or write in any language. Prior to the existence of the compulsory education acts, reading and writing were seen as a skilled profession and only the rich and important had access to gain these skills. Illiterate people were unemployable even in the most basic working environment as many could not even fill out simple information details. Currently in Ireland illiteracy may not be attributed to poor attendance in school. Many individuals who experience literacy difficulties have physical or psychological issues. Illiterate people were often seen as carless, immature and unintelligent individuals. . Since physical and psychological issues are now often detected early on in school and addressed, ilitricy and discrimination are uncommon. There are five levels which literacy is assed at. Level one is classified as having very poor or no literacy skills. Level three is classed on having an adequate amount of skills to cope with life. Level five is seen as highest level of literacy which individuals can process difficult information. In Ireland 17% of 16 to 25 year olds are at level one compared to 44% of 55 to 65 year olds. This percentage is mainly due to enforced attendance in school. Although literacy levels are declining people who dont readily use there literacy skills daily can easily get out of practice. Compulsory education provides a skilful and qualified workforce. A qualified and skilful workforce is necessary for economic growth within a country. Education helps individuals become self sufficient therefore able to earn a living. Educated individuals create wealth for the country and these attract foreign investment. Foreign investment was up 10% since 2008. Even with Irelands economic down turn Ireland is still capable of attracting investment due to Irelands competent and highly skilful workforce. Presently in Ireland 81% of Irish students complete second level education. Approximately 60% of these students continue on to further or higher education. Compulsory education gives the individual the incentive to further their education. Being obliged to attend school to Junior certificate level gives the student a chance to make mature and sensible choices regarding their future. Education is the main component in the structure of adult life. Ethnic minorities in Ireland are socially accepted due to compulsory education. An ethnic minority are a group of people who have their own cultural values. These minorities hold different views on culture, religion and language. The travelling community are one of Irelands oddest ethnic minorities, accounting for 0.5% of the population. Approximately 7,769 traveller individuals are in education in Ireland toady. Prior to the compulsory education act the majority of travellers did not attend school. Traveller parents may have felt education was not necessary as they were traditional self employed. Traveller individuals were also less likely to obtain employment due to their life style and were often socially excluded and discriminated. Traveller children who attended school prior to the education act were thought in the same class room regardless of age. Presently in Ireland 100% of traveller children are in age appropriate classes. The traveller community have become integrated with society. People from a wider community have begun to understand their cultural differences and needs. Today the department of education and science employee 503 resource teachers for travellers (RTT). The resource teachers address their ethnic and cultural needs and help promote cultural awareness to other students. Education shall be directed to the full development of the human personality and to the strengthening of respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms. It shall promote understanding, tolerance and friendship among all nations, racial or religious groups Universal Declaration of Human Rights, Article 26 (2) Compulsory education leads to equal opportunity for every individual regardless of back round. The traveller community are now employed in all sectors of the workforce. A number of travels now attend third level education.