Skin Cancer Essays (1144 words) - RTT, Dermatologic Surgery

Skin Cancer Consistently one American is killed by skin malignant growth and like clockwork one American gets skin malignant growth. Malignant growth is a destructive infection that changes the DNA of a skin cell and makes it repeat at a quick pace. This overproduction of cells can be destructive and by and large savage. Out of these diseases the most regular is Basal cell carcinoma. Numerous means have been made in the treatment of Basal Cell Carcinoma, some have been extremely effective and some not. The cells that have the adjusted DNA are called threatening or destructive cells. These cells are found in the external layers of the skin. The skin's fundamental employment is to secure the body from diseases and to protect the body to keep it at the correct temperature. The principal layer of skin is known as the epidermis. This is the layer that is nearest to the outside of the skin. There are three sorts of cells in this layer. The first is the squamace. The squamace cells are level and flaky and are found nearest to the outside of the skin. Second are the basal cells and at long last are the melanocytes, which give the skin its shading. The second layer of skin is the dermis, which is a lot thicker than the epidermis. This layer contains sweat organs, nerves and veins. The dermis additionally contains follicles, which are little pockets from which the hair develops. The most well-known threatening cells are the basal cells. Disease in the basal cell is called nonmelanoma malignant growth. This implies the malignant growth didn't begin in the melanocytes situated in the epidermis. Basal Cell Carcinoma is brought about by overexposure to the sun. The sun emits bright beams, which are hurtful to the human body. Basal cell carcinoma will influence body parts, for example, the eyes, ears and nose. In the event that it is recognized before it gets profound into the skin there will probably be no issue rewarding the malignancy. A difficult will happen in the event that it isn't recognized rapidly enough and it has advanced into the profound parts of the tissue. In the event that Basal cell carcinoma is left untreated it tends to be exceptionally difficult to treat and may even reason passing. The basic techniques for treatment include the utilization of Mohs micrographic medical procedure, radiation treatment, electrodesiccation and curettage, and basic extraction. Every one of these techniques is valuable in explicit clinical circumstances. Contingent upon the case, these strategies have fix rates running from 85% to 95%. Mohs micrographic medical procedure, a more current careful strategy, has the most noteworthy fix rate for careful treatment of both essential and repetitive tumors. This technique employments minuscule control to decide the degree of tumor intrusion. Despite the fact that Mohs micrographic medical procedure strategy is convoluted and requires uncommon preparing, it has the most noteworthy fix pace of every single careful treatment in light of the fact that the tumor is minutely sketched out until it is totally expelled. While other treatment techniques for repetitive basal cell carcinoma have disappointment paces of about half, fix rates have been accounted for at 96% when rewarded by Mohs micrographic medical procedure. Mohs micrographic medical procedure is likewise demonstrated for tumors with inadequately characterized clinical fringes, tumors with measurements bigger than two cm, tumors with histopathologic highlights indicating morpheaform or sclerotic examples, and tumors emerging in areas where most extreme protection of uninvolved tissue is alluring, for example, eyelid, nose and finger. Next there is a treatment including straightforward extraction with solidified or perpetual separating for edge assessment. This conventional careful treatment as a rule depends on careful edges running from three to ten millimeters, contingent upon the width of the tumor. Tumor repeat isn't remarkable on the grounds that lone a little portion of the absolute tumor edge is inspected pathologically. Repeat rate for essential tumors more noteworthy than 1.5 cm in distance across is at any rate twelve percent inside five years. In the event that the essential tumor estimates bigger than three cm, the multi year repeat rate is 23.1%. Essential tumors of the ears, eyes, scalp, and nose have repeat rates running from 12.9% to 25%. Third there is electrodesiccation and curettage. This technique is the most generally utilized strategy for expelling essential basal cell carcinomas. In spite of the fact that it is a snappy technique for obliterating tumor, sufficiency of treatment can't be surveyed promptly since the specialist can't outwardly recognize the profundity of infinitesimal tumor attack. Tumors with widths going from two to five mm have a fifteen percent repeat rate after treatment with electrodesiccation and curettage. At the point when tumors bigger than three cm is dealt with with electrodesiccation and curettage, a half repeat rate ought not out of the ordinary inside five years. The fourth sort is radiation treatment. Radiation

Report of food industry in India Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Report of food industry in India - Essay Example its of food, improvement of the HR, supporting the innovative work and the formation of the advancement of framework and furthermore the limited time measure that is received for empowering the development, improvement and preparing of the food part. The food handling has been considered as the enormous and the significant part for covering different exercises which incorporates the cultivation, creature farming, horticulture, estate and the fisheries. The legislature of India and the service of food preparing has incorporated the accompanying things or the sections that is remembered for the food handling industry are handling of grain, fisheries, dairy , vegetables and food preparing, the purchaser nourishments which for the most part includes the refreshments ,bundled drinking water and nourishments and the handling of meat and poultry. As of late it has been seen that India has encountered a generous adjustment and advancement in the utilization, creation and exchange that is don e in the Indian horticultural segment. In the year 2000 it has been seen that India has encountered the development rate as far as the worth that is identified with the fare of marine items, tea, sugar and rice. India is conveying high estimation of fares of different customary products which incorporates espresso, tobacco, sugar and rice. The sorted out food segment of India establishes to around 30%. The most elevated extent or the offer if there should be an occurrence of the sorted out food in India is primarily contributed by the poultry and the meat section. The macroeconomic condition if there should arise an occurrence of India gives a wide and various territory and openings towards the development and improvement in the business and this contributes towards the advancement of the national economy. The food handling industry in India represents 32% of the food advertise in India. The food handling industry in India is one of the biggest and is positioned fifth as far as creation, utilization and fare. The complete evaluated estimation of

Porter five forces Essay

Content 1. Presentation 2. Clarification of the Porter Model 3. Watchmen five powers Automobile industry 4. End and shortcomings 1. Presentation Audi History Everything started with August Horch, one of Germany’s spearheading characters vehicle engineers. He set up business all alone in 1899, building up Horch and Cie. Motorwagen Werke in Cologne on November 14 of that year. August Horch left the organization in 1909 and quickly settled a subsequent vehicle organization in Zwickau. Since his last name was at that point being used and was ensured by trademark, he picked its Latin interpretation for the new organization. So â€Å"horch!† †or â€Å"hark† †became â€Å"audi!†. The Audi brand built up a custom of brandishing accomplishment from the very start. On account of his successful contribution in the Austrian Alpine Runs somewhere in the range of 1911 and 1914, August Horch prevailing with regards to making Audi universally known inside only a couple of years. The Audi four-ring insignia represents the merger in 1932 of four already autonomous engine vehicle producers: Audi, DKW, Horch and Wanderer. In 1969 Auto Union GmbH amalgamated with NSU Motorenwerke AG. [1] Audi Financial circumstance The income in 2013 is 49,880 ERU million, which is higher than that in 2012(48,711 ERU million). Working pay in 2013 is 1,952 ERU million, which is likewise higher than 2012. With 1,575,480 Audi vehicles sold through the span of the past financial year (2013), the volume focus of 1.5 million conveyances initially imagined for 2015waseasilly Exceeded, two years in front of timetable. [2] The explanation I decide to break down watchman five powers of Audi, in light of the fact that I like the presence of Audi SUV Q5 and Q7. What's more, I have the right to possess my vehicle in the couple of years when I have enough cash. Therefore, for me, it has some assistance that I have the information on the foundation. 2. Clarification of the Porter Model Watchman five powers examination is a structure for industry investigation and business methodology improvement. It draws upon modern association (IO) financial aspects to infer five powers that decide the serious force and accordingly allure of a market. Allure in this setting alludes to the general business productivity. A â€Å"unattractive† industry is one in which the blend of these five powers acts to drive down by and large productivity. An extremely ugly industry would be one drawing closer â€Å"pure competition†, in which accessible benefits for all organizations are headed to typical benefit. This examination is related with its main pioneer Michael E. Doorman of Harvard University (starting at 2014). 3. Doormen five powers Automobile industry Hindrances to Entry Capital necessities The measure of capital required to begin a vehicle organization is huge. For the normal individual, they can’t go along and begin producing cars. As to assemble an auto firm, they need numerous variables like the site, work and the help of innovation, which be get by capital. Therefore, the capital is the greatest factor for the formation of auto firm. Innovation Innovation additionally is an import factor to construct the auto firm. It is confused not just for the auto firm itself, likewise for the parts providers. As we probably am aware, creation of the vehicles can’t complete by the auto firm, which has noteworthy impact by the car providers. In the interim, thoughts and innovation that gives upper hand over others when protected, keeping others from utilizing it and in this way makes obstruction to section. Rivalry There are as of now critical entrenched contenders. Globalization the inclination of world speculation and organizations to move from national and residential markets to an overall situation, is a tremendous factor influencing the auto advertise. Consequently, numerous auto firms can contend with the others from household markets to the world. Rivalry will turn out to be more vicious than the past. Government guidelines and approaches In spite of the fact that government’s work is to save free serious market, it confines rivalry through guidelines and limitations. Accordingly, government guidelines are a major piece of hindrances for the car business. Vehicle firms need to watch wellbeing plan, emanation norms and eco-friendliness by government. What's more, various nations have different arrangements and limitation on vehicle industry for example Economic Commission of Europe. Showcasing another brand Showcasing another brand can be troublesome. Not just appropriation expenses and stamping costs are over the top expensive, yet individuals can't simple to acknowledge another brand particularly auto brand. Individuals will be stressed on the exhibition and wellbeing of vehicles. Hence, denoting another brand is an obstruction to passage car industry. Dealing Power of Suppliers For car providers, there are two unique circumstances which because of various haggling power. Initially, some solid providers (for example BOSCH, DENSO) have enormous talk capacity to auto organizations and the market, as they gracefully numerous items for various auto organizations (not just Audi). The providers have more piece of the pie than the others and much income. Furthermore, the results of the providers have licenses and can't supplant through changing the providers. On the off chance that there are not many providers giving material fundamental to make an item, at that point they can set the value high to catch more benefit. Ground-breaking providers can press industry productivity to extraordinary broaden. Along these lines, auto organizations are helpless against the providers. Furthermore, a few providers are regularly little and medium size, though vehicle organizations are huge and globalized. Numerous providers are reliant on a solitary vehicle producer, as they sim ply have the limit of providing a litter item. Besides, asâ we know, globalization has enormously expanded the likelihood to bring down expense however appropriate providers. On the off chance that an automaker chose to switch providers, it could be wrecking to the past supplier’s business. Thus, providers are very helpless to the requests and prerequisites of the car producer. For a long time, the connection among constructing agents and providers has been direct. Since every vehicle was structured without any preparation and seen by the automaker as an interesting item, all interests in arrangements and advances for new models were attempted by the automaker. Given this market setting, it is anything but difficult to finish up from the above conversation that no job existed for the provider at the advancement level. At the assembling stage, especially for more straightforward parts where there was a very much evolved advertise, subcontracting would normally happen. [3] For this explanation, Audi AG has critical capacity to these providers. Bartering Power of clients For Audi vehicles, clients might be recognized by the intensity of financial capacity. While customers are value delicate, they don’t have a lot of purchasing power as they never buy tremendous volumes of vehicles. In any case, the cost is certifiably not a primary factor for the individuals who have limit of purchasing extravagance vehicles. The client can uninhibitedly pick the item that best accommodates its inclinations, status and way of life among many. Clients can discover a wide range of brands and vehicle models in the market, focusing on broadly varying execution, quality, appearance, valuing, extra highlights. Clients have considerable force, predominantly due to the enormous assortment of extravagance brands and item to look over, and as a result of the nearness of substitutes. The nearness of numerous substitutes to extravagance vehicles upgrades essentially the haggling intensity of potential clients. Purchasers have the ability to request lower cost or higher item quality from industry makers when their bartering power is solid. [4] On the other hand, it is certain to help the auto firms create and advance themselves. Danger of substitute items Substitute items have two distinct sorts. Different sorts of transport can satisfy the driving of interest, for example, motorbikes, bikes, open transportation frameworks, planes. To individual contemplations, individuals will discover substitute items. Running and bike can give individuals a healthyâ lifestyle, while ensures condition by picking transport. While we examine doorman five powers of Audi, we ought to think about not just different kinds of transport for substitute items, likewise concern vehicles themselves. As clients pick vehicles of different brands in the marker, which replaces the vehicles of Audi. On the off chance that we consider the issues which utilize different brands to substitute the Audi, we will discover the relativity between bartering intensity of clients, danger of substitute items and serious contention. With expanding number of substitute items, dealing intensity of clients and serious contention will become increment simultaneously. For Audi, BMW and Mercedes-Benz are the most evident substitutes in the market of mid-extravagance vehicles. Or on the other hand either better quality vehicles which ultra-extravagance brands, (for example, Ferrari, Lamborghini, Rolls Royce, Bentley)and the opposite finish of the range, more affordable vehicles from non-extravagance brands, (for example, Toyota, Ford, Fiat, GM) can take part in the opposition. As a matter of fact, the differentiation between extravagance vehicles and non-extravagance vehicles itself is somewhat obscured now and then. Weight of the terrible monetary atmosphere instigates clients to pick more affordable vehicles, as their pay diminishes and desires on the future decline. Subsequently, danger of substitute items change with request of our lives and the circumstance of economy. Serious contention The contention between organizations is fairly extreme, particularly between the three worldwide pioneers: Audi, BMW and Mercedes-Benz. It isn't basic that three organizations have serious competition. Since patterns that are not radical that you put some distance between the market, however that go far enough that the market is set up to follow. [2] It implies a little slip-up will make the auto firms lose its market. The three organizations expressly perceive each other as contenders, and their open articulations and

A Description of the Sumerian Society Essay Example for Free

A Description of the Sumerian Society Essay ?Sumerian culture moved into the Middle East and settled in the Mesopotamian region around 4000 B. C. E. , bringing about the settlement of that human advancement. Sumerians contributed the city-states idea, made a basic composing framework, fortified their association with their religion, and furthermore recorded the world’s most seasoned story. The expansion to Sumer’s city-states thought had a blasting effect in their political structure. They were more sorted out than most political frameworks in different civic establishments. With this, the Sumerian culture had the option to manage religion and uphold laws in a superior way. Their idea later turned into a custom of territorial principle, essentially making an early organization for different social orders to embrace and gain from. Following a few centuries of Sumer’s settlement, composing, the most critical development in millennia’s, was brought into Sumerian culture. See more: Perseverance exposition Despite the fact that it was unexpected, the expansion to such a progressive thought made their way of life considerably increasingly prosperous. Things prompted another, and soon enough, the Sumerian culture had a whole letters in order that was alluded to as cuneiform, in the palm of their hands. They started to record their history and culture, later coming about in the world’s most established story, the Epic of Gilgamesh and considerably more from their way of life. Sumer’s prologue to cuneiform sprouted into an efficient lift all through their whole society. Their creation assisted with advancing exchange and assembling. They had the option to convey considerably more impeccably, prompting exchanges similar to India. In addition to the fact that it supported the exchanging framework, however it did ponders in recording quite a bit of Sumerian history. Sumer’s settlement implied numerous prosperous things. Their thoughts and creations of cuneiform, city-states, ziggurats, work specialization, and so on , prompted extraordinary accomplishments that different human advancements embraced and copied.

Summer in Boston

Summer in Boston To fully appreciate MIT’s location, venture to downtown Boston. The Institute campus combines the chillness of living Cambridge and the proximity to a big city. It only takes 10 minutes to get downtown from East Campus. From there, it’s an ~11-minute walk to Chinatown, State House, Boston Common, Public Garden etc. I travel Downtown almost every week: to shop, eat, see a movie, or simply take a walk down the Freedom Trail to the ocean. In the summer, there are even more reasons to leave the MIT bubbleâ€"the city features an array of events and performances. Below are the four I attended last year. I’ll keep you updated for more Boston activities this summer (and let me know what I missed in the comments below). Boston Skyline, as seen from MIT Faneuil Hall (incl. Street Performances) Faneuil Hall is both a reminder of Boston’s glorious revolutionary past and an embodiment of modern consumerism and globalism. Here, you can go on a historical tour, then shop at places like Urban Outfitters, American Eagle, Banana Republic, and Uniqloâ€"a gradient for different budgets. You can also buy souvenirs, including hot sauce from the worlds #1 hot shop. When you get hungry, head to the Quincy Market (largest food hall in New England, behind Faneuil) for local seafood and international cuisine, of visit historic restaurants, including the one from Cheers. You can eat your food under the beautiful Quincy Market dome, or outside on the benches, watching the sun set and the lights turn onâ€"highly romantic. Wait until the family-friendly venues close, and you can join the crowd of bar-goers. Faneuil Hall is also beauitful in the winter, with lights, music, and a giant Christmas tree or Valentine’s Day ice bench. For entertainment, Faneuils daily street theatre features a line-up of world-renowned performers, and sometimes, you can watch four at a time in various locations around the Quincy and Faneuil buildings. In the front, it’s gymnasts and hip-hop dancers. Between the buildings and in the back, musicians or circus acts. My favorite performer is a 10-year old boy who sings and plays piano and sax for his “college fund”; it is both a sad reminder of college costs and a way to see a child prodigy in action. I’m also a fan of Kilted Colin, whose performance I’ve seen three times, twice with impressed friends. Where else could you see a funny man in a skirt riding a unicycle while playing the Star Wars theme on the bagpipes and juggling large knives (see below)? Oh, and there’s a surprise involving Colins kilt in the end.   Left: Faneuil Hall. Right: Kilted Colins performance finale (unicycle, bagpipe, and knives). Jimmy Fund Scooper Bowl So. Much. Ice cream! The Jimmy Fund Scooper Bowl is the best sort of fundraiser: with unlimited dessert! Pay at the entrance, get a sunny handstamp, and eat as many cups of ice cream as you can handle. Smart people stack the cups for tracking purposes, and walk around with truly glorious cup towers. I didnt track my consumption, but definitely ate a lot. And it was life-changingâ€"I discovered the Ben Jerry’s Cherry Garcia ice cream! In between sampling various brands and flavors, my friend and I visited the photobooth with cute blow-up ice cream shapes and hats. There were other activities as well, helpful for breaks in between portions, but the lines in front of the brands tents served a similar purpose. The event is a bit pricey, but worth it if you arrive hungry. Also, 88 cents of every dollar raised supports the life-saving mission of Dana-Farber Cancer Instituteâ€"a great cause. If you like ice cream, convince your friends to join you in the lines, and come by the City Hall Plaza around June 6 every year. It’s right across from Faneuil Hall.       July 4th Fireworks There are two places to see Independence Day fireworks. One is the children’s version by the ocean, the other is the adult version over the Charles River. The childrens version takes place at sunset on the Sunday before July 4th, at the end of the annual Boston Harborfest. It’s earlier and more subdued than the fabulous River version, but still worth it if you like fireworks and don’t mind being around children. You can grab food or a milkshake at nearby Quincy Market, and get super close to the fiery action at the Harbor. The Harborfest fireworks didn’t happen this year, but I hope they bring them back in the future for a perfect blend of peaceful and exciting. Great time for introspection, too. The adult option is the Boston Pops Fireworks Spectacular on July 4th by the Charles River, which attracts around half a million people. It’s preceded by several free concerts, with celebrity guests on the 4th (last year, it was Demi Lovato and Nick Jonas; this year, it’s Hamilton  star Leslie Odom Jr.). People start gathering for the concert at noon, but you can also listen to the music from speakers on the other side of the river. The River fireworks is when you most appreciate MIT’s campusâ€"it is the only Cambirdge location right across the festivities. The fireworks are a simple road crossing from East Campus or the Green Building. My EC neighbors once took two couches to the riverbank in the afternoon, and chilled until the fireworksâ€" couldnt do that anywhere else! On the way to July 1st Harborfest fireworks Boston GreenFest   GreenFest is geared towards “real” adults, but is also fascinating for engineers. I was intrigued by the futuristic flying solar pods for mass transit (read more here and see picture below). I wasnt real adult enough to get the pitch on energy conservation (I was first asked if I paid the electric bill). I did, however, see vendors with sustainable products, get free stuff, and catch a reggae concert. I also took advantage of the free samples of expensive organic drinks and foods. My favorite GreenFest food booth featured a touch-screen quiz you could take to determine the right trail mix for your personality. That perfect trail mix was then dispensed for you at no cost. The machine malfunctioned when it was my turn, but I look forward to taking this most useful personality quiz around August 10 this year. Other GreenFest activities are artists performances on three stages, a Local Food Emporium with international cuisine, Wine Beer Garden, EcoForums, BostonGreenFilmFest, and  e xhibitors/vendors. GreenFest is held on the same City Hall Plaza as the Jimmy Fund Scooper Bowl, and all events are free. TransitX Flying Solar Pod (left) and composting toilet (crapper + tinkler, right) Post Tagged #summer

The Maternal Microbiome and Autism - Free Essay Example

Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are a series of development disorders which include autistic disorder, Rett’s disorder, childhood disintegrative disorder, and Asperger’s syndrome. Autism spectrum disorders are classically characterized by, among others, severe and pervasive impairment in several areas of social and behavioural development (5). Recently, numerous basic science studies in mice and epidemiological studies in humans have revealed a link between Maternal Immune Activation (MIA) and ASD phenotypes (2-4, 6). Furthermore, instances of MIA leading to ASD like phenotypes appear to be primarily linked to immune activation in the first 2 trimesters (7). Herein, we will review several recent studies that begin to elucidate the mechanism linking MIA and ASD as well as the key role played by the maternal micorbiota in driving these pathways. Hsiao et al. 2013, demonstrates GI barrier defects and microbiota alterations in the MIA model displaying offpsing with ASD-like phenotypes. Parrallelling epidemiological studies in humans that showed increased instances of IBD and other GI disorders were highly prevelant in ASD individuals (9). Investigators demonstrated that adult MIA offspring exhibited a number of similar GI defects, notably increased gut permeability as demonstrated by the translocation of dextran across the intestinal epithelium (8). The disbiosis of gut microbiota was also described in ASD individuals, and while a well defined ASD-assocaiated microbiota has not been established, rigorous examination of the composition of the ASD-associated microbiota revealed that while overall abundance of identified bacteria did not change, the alterations in the specific operational taxonomic units of both Clostridia and Bacteroidial were significant. Introduction of B. fragilis, which had been previously shown to emeleriat e colitis (15) was able to correct the intestinal permeability in MIA offspring. In addition, administration of B. fragilis restored MIA-associated increases in IL-6, which has been previoulsy shown to be increased in MIA mothers and offspring (6, 10). Treatment with B. fragilis not only decreased the GI defects in MIA offspring, it also acted to return the microbiota toxonomy toward a more â€Å"normal† composition, reducing the disproportionate ratios found in MIA offspring. In addition to restoring the normal microbiota composition B. fragilis treatment also reduced ASD-like behavioural abnormalities. Suggesting a link between the microbiome and CNS that is still largely unexplored. Next we examine the effect of the maternal microbiota on early postnatal immune system development as described by de Aguero et al.. Here investigators used gestation-only colonization and germ-free delivery to ensure that any change in neonatal immune composition was limited to encounters with the maternal microbiota only during gestation. At 14 days post-birth it was shown that elevated numbers of early post-natal intestinal innate leukocytes, specifically the NKp46+ROR?t+ ILC3 subpopulaiton, as well as intestinal F4/80+CD11c+ mononulcear cells (iMNC) were present in pups born to gestation-only colonized dams compared to germ-free controls. Counter to the innate leukocyte alterations seen in the germ-free animals, the adaptive immune composition of the neonates was not impacted. No difference was seen in T or B cell levels in the central or peripheral lyphoid organs as well as systemic CD4 or CD8 T cell numbers. Investigators went on to show significant changes to the transcription al programming in the intestinal epithelium. These transcriptional changes included upregulation of gene networks repsonsible for a wide range of intestinal functions that were previoulsy associated with post-natal colonization, indicating that maternal microbial colonization may shape not only the early post-natal immune response but intestinal epithelial development as well. Alterations to the NKp46+ ILC3 populations relied upon maternal antibodies, with the effect being successfully recapitulated through serum transfer from colonized to non-colonized dams. This effect was lost however when the serum was depleted of IgG, indicating an antibody driven mechanism. Interestingly, when antibody-deficient pregnant dams were transiently colonized the increase in NKp46+ ILC3, but not the F4/80+CD11c+ iMNC subpopulations was lost. This indicated that a different mechanism for the increase in iMNC was present. An extensive range of bacteria-derived molecules were shown to be transferred fro m the mother to the offspring as well. In short, it was determined that contrary to general concensus the early post-natal immune system, as well as intestinal development is shaped by interaction with the maternal microbiota. We will now examine this intertaction between maternal microbiota and the prenate, in the presence of inflammation, and its promotion of neurodevelopmental abnormalities (3) and autism like phenotypes (4). Both Choi et al. 2016, and Kim et al. 2017, describe the degenerative effects of IL-17a on neurodevelopment and the resulting ASD-like phenotypes in the offspring of mothers who underwent a Th17 inducing inflammatory response. In Choi, et al. 2016, it was shown that elevated levels of maternal IL-17a induced from MIA resulted in abnormal cortical development in offspring. Injection of a viral mimic, poly(I:C), during gestation resulted in elevated levels of IL-6, TNF?, IFN-?, and IL-1? almost immediately, followed by a strong increase inserum levels of IL-17a approximately 2 days later. It was previously shown that IL-6 is necessary for Th17 cell differentiation (10) and plays a key intermediary role in multiple neurological disorders (6). This was reinforced when IL-6 KOt mice fai led to to increase serum levels of IL-17a when injected with poly(I:C) and conversely when wild-type mothers injected with IL-6 showed greater IL-17a responses, validating IL-6 as a necessary upstream precursor to IL-17a. Increases in maternal circulating IL-17a resulted in augmentation of IL-17a receptor (IL-17Ra) in the fetal brain. Upregulation of maternal IL-17a resulted in abnormal cortical development which promoted ASD-like phenotypes such as repetitive and anti-social behaviors (4). Injections of IL-17a directly into the fetal brain in the absence of MIA resulted in similar but not identical abnormal cortical development suggesting that some pre-existing inflammation is necessary to fully reproduce the cortical disorganization seen in ASD-like offspring. ROR?t expression in maternal T cells was also shown to be necessary for the development of ASD-like phenotypes in MIA offspring, further supporting the hypothesis that a Th17 inducing inflammatory response is required to promote the ASD-like phenotype in mice. Finally, it was demonstrated that in the presence of inflammation either knock out of ROR?t espression or IL-17a-blocking antibody given to pregnant dams were able to rescue the ASD-like phenotype from MIA offspring. Indicating both may be effective therapeutic targets. Kim et al. 2017, was able to f urther elucidate this complicated interplay between inflammation, MIA, and pregnancy. Pregnant dams injected with poly(I:C) followed by treatment with vancomycin decreased the the proportion of Th17 cells in the intestine and reduced the levels of IL-17a in the maternal plasma. Segmented fillamentous bacteria (SFB) were identified as being both susceptibel to vancomycin (11) and greatly contribute to intestinal Th17 cell propogation (12). Naturaly occuring differences in SFB in different mice strains were used to validate this hypothesis. Showing SFB colonization resulted in an increase in pre-existing Th17 cells as indicated by a very rapid increase in plasma IL-17a levels. The complex link between the maternal microbiota, the maternal immune system, and their combined effects on the developing fetus is just beginning to be understood. Numerous avenues from which to pursue these relationships are apparent, and these datas point towards a few key points that have yet to be elucidated. The first being ROR?t and its dichotomous role. For instance, when expressed in NKp46+ ILC3 or iLT cells its role appears somewhat protective (13), compared to its role in T cells inducing pro-inflammatory Th17 cell differentiation resulting in increased levels of IL-17a and the described effects on neurological development. Secondly the unique intestinal milieu of pregnancy and why it appears a necessary requirement for the secretion of key intermediary cytokines IL-1?, IL-6, and IL-23 upstream of IL-17a (3). Changes in the maternal microbiome have previously been shown to increase levels of Bacteroides and Staphylococcus species especially mothers with comorbidities (14). As aberrant ratios of Bacteriodes species were identified as a potential role player in MIA pathogenesis (2) it would be interesting perhaps to investigate if there is a hormonal effect at play here. References 1. Gomez de Aguero, M., S. C. Ganal-Vonarnburg, T. Fuhrer, S. Rupp, Y. Uchimura, H. Li, A. Steinert, M. Heikenwalder, S. Hapfelmeier, U. Sauer, K. D. McCoy and A. J. Macpherson (2016). The maternal microbiota drives early postnatal innate immune development. Science 351 (6279): 1296-1302. 2. Hsiao, E. Y., S. W. McBride, S. Hsien, G. Sharon, E. R. Hyde, T. McCue, J. A. Codelli, J. Chow, S. E. Reisman, J. F. Petrosino, P. H. Patterson and S. K. Mazmanian (2013). Microbiota modulate behavioral and physiological abnormalities associated with neurodevelopmental disorders. Cell 155 (7): 1451-1463. 3. Kim, S., H. Kim, Y. S. Yim, S. Ha, K. Atarashi, T. G. Tan, R. S. Longman, K. Honda, D. R. Littman, G. B. Choi and J. R. Huh (2017). Maternal gut bacteria promote neurodevelopmental abnormalities in mouse offspring. Nature 549 (7673): 528-532. 4. Choi, G.B., Y. S. Yim, H. Wong, S. Kim, H. Kim, S. V. Kim, C. A. Hoeffer and D. R. Littman (2016). â€Å"The maternal interleukin-17a pathway in m ice promotes autism-like phenotypes in offspring.† Science 351(6276): 933-939 5. APA. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. American Psychiatric Publishing, Inc; Arlington, VA: 2000. 6. Smith, S. E., Li, J., Garbett, K., Mirnics, K., Patterson, P. H. (2007). Maternal immune activation alters fetal brain development through interleukin-6. The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience, 27(40), 10695-702. 7. Patterson P.H. (2009). Immune involvement in schizophrenia and autism: etiology, pathology and animal models. Behavioural Brain Research, 204:313–321. 8. De Magistris L, Familiari V, Pascotto A, Sapone A, Frolli A, Iardino P, Carteni M, De Rosa M, Francavilla R, Riegler G, Militerni R, Bravaccio C. (2010). Alterations of the intestinal barrier in patients with autism spectrum disorders and in their first-degree relatives. Journal Pediatric Gastroenterol Nutrition. 51(4):418-24. 9. Kohane, I. S., McMurry, A., W eber, G., MacFadden, D., Rappaport, L., Kunkel, L., Bickel, J., Wattanasin, N., Spence, S., Murphy, S., Churchill, S. (2012). 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Middle Ages And Renaissance Essay - 1123 Words

Middle ages Renaissance Stephani Klingensmith Western Governors University The middle ages, also known as the dark ages lasting about a thousand years. A time in history when life was hard and people were very poor. According to the article written in 2008 The middle ages western reserve public media, the middle ages were from 476A.D to 1450A.D. The article stated that the middle ages were called the dark ages because, the great civilization of Rome and Greece had been conquered. Because so many people were poor most owed a debt to someone of higher power. The person of higher power would let the person who owed the debt work and live on their land, and let them work in their homes, until the debt that was owed was paid off. The poor people were forced to pay high taxes on the land and it was made very hard to pay off the debt, but would be offered protection. Music and art were important and influenced mostly by the church. People would sing with and without instruments. On the website smartthinking.khanacademy.org/medevil.html, an Italian poet named Petratch believed that the dark ages were a period of intellectual darkness, due to the loss of the classical learning, which he saw as light. In the article medieval music written in 2014 on Annenberglearner.org, in many of the paintings it showed angels playing things like harps, organs, and other stringed instruments. Some paintings even showed what we see today as a one man band. During the middle agesShow MoreRelatedMiddle Ages vs. the Renaissance Essay736 Words   |  3 PagesThere are many contrasts in the beliefs and values of the Renaissance and the Middle Ages. The Middle Ages was a time of great suffering, including famine and widespread disease. The Renaissance, however, was a revival of art, learning, and literature. Their views of the purpose of life in the present world and mans place in the world was, perhaps, the greatest contrast. 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It subsequently revived their socio cultural achievements, developing ideas of